Mid-19c European Nationalism.

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Presentation transcript:

Mid-19c European Nationalism

Russia

The Crimean War [1854-1856] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred… A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

First use of Machine Guns

Increased Newspaper Circulation Influence of war correspondents

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910] “The Lady with the Lamp”

Replaced by Czar Alexander II Czar Nicholas I Dies Replaced by Czar Alexander II

Treaty of Paris [1856] No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea. All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

Treaty Settlement & Implications Russian expansion stopped Wallachia + Moldavia = Romania Serbia gets independence (autonomy) Russia still seen as backwards Austria looks like cowards Aids Sardinian unification plans in Italy England & France emerge as rivals for Middle Eastern trade

Russian Imperial Flag

A heterogeneous empire Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War. Rapid Change: The Great Reforms [1861-1863] Emancipation of the Russian serfs

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Development of the Mir = collective farming commune Est. ZEMSTVOS = local councils to deal with local problems (1864) Legal system reforms Jury system Public trials Allowed lawyers for certain cases Curtails secret police activities

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Relaxed censorship Russian Renaissance Music: Tchikovsky Literature: Doestoevsky, Crime and Punishment Science: Mendeleev

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Subsidized Industry, especially railroads under Sergei Witte at the turn of the century Helped to strengthen military and expand borders Spread Marxism

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Assassinated in 1881 by a member of the “People’s Will”

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile. “Russification” program. Jews  forced migration to the Pale

Russian Expansion The Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Over Chinese Manchuria Teddy Roosevelt mediates treaty Russian Expansion Russo- Japanese War 1904-1905 Over Chinese Manchuria And Korea Russia loses to Japan Teddy Roosevelt mediates treaty

Nicholas II [r. 1881-1918] Family Man Did not like the business of state Many of his reforms come too little too late

Revolution of 1905 Causes: Increased demands for political rights from business professionals, workers, and peasants Crowds of workers converged on the czar’s Winter Palace, led by Father Gapon Bloody Sunday Massacre

October Manifesto Czar Nicholas grants full civil rights, promised to create a Duma (legislature) Czar Nicholas calls up and disbands 2 Dumas and recreates electoral law before he can get a loyal majority in the Duma

By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY