APUSH UNIT 6 1865-1898

KEY THEMES Modernization & Laissez-Faire Immigration vs. Native Born Grange Movement Populist Party The Gilded Age and Robber Barons Gospel of Wealth (social gospel movement) The Rise of Political Corruption Tammany Hall Labors growth and clash with business Rise of Jim Crow Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson

Key Terms for Unit 6 Large Trusts Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin American Markets Laissez-Faire Policies New South People’s Party (Populist Party) Americanization Middle Class Transcontinental Railroads Railroads, Mining, Farming, Ranching

Key Terms Continued Social Gospel Jane Adams Gilded Age Social Darwinism American Indians

Promontory Point, Utah May 10, 1869

Time Zones in the US brought about because of needs of RRs for standardized time

American farmers in the Midwest most hurt by railroad abuses Depression in 1870s brings protests Farmers organized into groups like the Grange Movement and worked with state legislatures to regulate railroads, reducing prices, so railroads sued in Federal Court 1886 – Wabash v. Illinois Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate interstate (between states) commerce

1st time Fed Government attempts to regulate a portion of the economy 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act passed by Congress {pushed after Wabash case} Prohibited rebates and pools Required railroads to publish rates openly Stopped discrimination against shippers Can’t charge more for short than long hauls Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) set up to enforce the law 1st time Fed Government attempts to regulate a portion of the economy

President Grant --------- Administration deals with 4 major corruption scandals 1. Gold Market 2. Railroads 3. Whiskey Ring 4. Indian Lands

Corruption not limited to Federal Government --------------- Boss Tweed is finally stopped by 1871 N.Y. Times investigation

Panic of 1873 Caused by over-expansion of railroads, mines, factories, farms & fueled by bad loans Economy collapsed leading to bank runs Led to depression that lasted for 4 years The other issue was the greenbacks and it would ultimately lead to the Silver/Gold movement

1877 Reconstruction ends and Republicans abandoned blacks in South Civil Rights Act of 1875 Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places but passed without enforcement measures Civil Rights Cases (1883) Supreme Court declared Act unconstitutional 14th Amendment prohibited governmental discrimination not private discrimination

Civil War Pensions and Pensioners, 1866–1917

Cleveland believed government should keep its hands off business affairs (laissez-faire) “Though the people support the government, the government should not support the people.” (Cleveland) He would veto many Civil War pension bills He is the only Democratic President between 1860 and 1912.

Andrew Carnegie was king of steel: Scottish immigrant who rose from poverty to wealth and then gave almost all away Gospel of Wealth

Combining into 1 organization all phases of manufacturing Combining into 1 organization all phases of manufacturing. Provided manufacturers with more reliable supplies, more control over quality, and eliminated middlemen’s fees

Bessemer Process

J. P. Morgan World’s Leading Banker

John D. Rockefeller Organizes Standard Oil Company to dominate the oil industry

What a Puny Little Government

Who is “strong” and who is “weak”?

POPULATION GROWTH Massive immigration in 1880s and 1890s includes large Chinese immigration bringing laws to exclude Immigrants flood cities leading to the power of political machines and corruption at all levels of government

Welcome?

The Shift to the City The % of population living in cities doubles from 1860 to 1900

The Urban Slum: Jacob Riis

Lower East Side New York City

A School in New York, 1886

Looking Backward

Bad $ Times bring Discontent 1892 – People’s Party (Populists) emerged Grew out of Farmers’ Alliance and they want: unlimited coinage of silver (16 to 1 ratio) “inflation” Graduated income tax (progressive tax) Gov’t ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone Direct election of US senators 1-term limit for president Adoption of initiative and referendum procedures Shorter workday Immigration restriction

Populist Support in the West Election of 1892

Depression of 1893 (Panic) Lasted for 4 years Worst of 1800s : Causes included: Overbuilding and speculation Problems with workers and strikes Agricultural depression Effect of depression was collapse of businesses and failure of banks GOV’T BELIEVED IN LAZZIE FAIRE SO WOULD NOT INTERFERE OR HELP BUSINESS

Educational Spending in the South 1890 – 1910 following the Plessy decision

Lynching and violence used to deny rights

Indian Land Losses, 1850 – 2000

1893 – Frederick Jackson Turner’s essay, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” Frontier acted as a “safety valve”, allowing immigrants and poor in cities to move west and prosper, instead of staying in cities and spreading discontent (strikes, socialism, rebellion, etc.) as the poor did in Europe . Not all historians accept this “safety value” theory

Farmers and the 4 D’s Grangers get states to help them (Debt, Drought, Deflation, Depression) State laws passed to regulate R.R. rates and fees from grain elevators and warehouses State laws overturned by Supreme Court Wabash v. Illinois (1886) – states had no power to regulate interstate commerce; only Congress could do that Grange movement faded as laws stricken

“You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”