Housing Studies Association Annual Conference, York, 7th April 2017 A new look at the housing consequences of partnership dissolution in Britain Rory Coulter, University of Cambridge Michael Thomas, University of Groningen Clara H Mulder, University of Groningen Housing Studies Association Annual Conference, York, 7th April 2017

Separation and housing Separation often a ‘turning point’ in the housing career Alters trajectory and identities (Gotlib and Wheaton, 1997) Intensely gendered patterns and processes Homeowner Renting Renting with partner Shared housing Parental home

Known housing impacts Short-term Longer-term Triggers moves constrained by time, finances and spatially ‘linked lives’ (Cooke et al., 2016) Suboptimal initial moves, reduced resources and new preferences elevate risk of moving (Feijten and van Ham, 2010) Exits from homeownership, returns to the parental home and reduced housing quality (Dewilde, 2008; Feijten and van Ham 2010) Reduced resources lower odds of homeownership later in life course (Herbers et al. 2014)

Theory INDIVIDUAL LEVEL Gender, children, income, tenure, housing history (contract status) Resources & restrictions Housing consequences Institutions LOCAL CONTEXT Urbanization, tenure structures, housing costs Opportunities & constraints

Research gaps Place: rarely consider geography Emphasis on cross-national not local geographies Time: focused on homeownership in 1990s-2000s Reduced homeownership and rapid growth in private renting Also new housing benefit regime (SAR to age 35; LHA at 30% BRMA; benefit caps), constrained access to social sector Research question: How do the housing outcomes of partnership dissolution vary by tenure and across space in England and Wales?

Longitudinal survey data First six waves of Understanding Society survey 2009-2015 Household relationship grid to identify separations, defined as: “a transition from a legal marriage or cohabiting union observed at the wave t interview to living apart from the wave t spouse or partner at the wave t+1 interview” (Jenkins, 2009) Short panel so look at t to t+1 transitions (n=1480) Four outcomes (own, social rent, private rent, parents/sharing)

Housing Market Areas (HMAs) CURDS project for NHPAU Use commute and migration patterns to create ‘functional’ areas We use ‘silver standard’ and single tier versions Source: Coombes and Wymer (2010)

Changes in housing position

3. Destinations for homeowners

3. Destinations for social tenants

3. Destinations for private tenants

Multinomial model coefficients Variable (measured at t) Outcome (ref=ownership) Social tenancy Private tenancy Parents/sharing Social tenant 5.319 2.632 2.985 Private tenant 3.131 3.690 2.814 2.073 0.741 2.593 Female -0.375 0.066 -0.025 social tenant # female 2.249 0.535 0.759 private tenant # female 2.246 1.440 1.444 parent/sharing # female 1.815 0.890 1.457 Lives with children 0.573 0.983 0.495 lives with children # female -0.265 -1.070 -1.786 Age 0.017 -0.068 Cohabiting -0.176 -0.344 -0.347 Repartnered at t+1 0.721 0.473 -0.872 Degree level qualifications -0.414 -0.012 -0.457 Income (£1000) -0.428 -0.174 -0.105 Ln population density of HMA -0.129 -0.128 0.075 % homeowners in HMA -0.065 -0.018 -0.006 Ln terraced house prices in HMA -0.260 0.459 0.262 N 1480 Notes: Extra controls for wave, housing contract status and survey origin. Bold indicates significant at 5% level.

Conclusions Separation a demographic risk with housing consequences Reduced homeownership, increase renting/parents/sharing Gendered impacts, especially if children present Minor role of local geography Lower post-split homeownership in costly HMAs Next step: Two-stage models

Acknowledgements Rory Coulter’s contribution to this research is supported by an Economic and Social Research Council Future Research Leaders award [ES/L009498/1]. Financial support from the Isaac Newton Trust is also gratefully acknowledged. Michael Thomas and Clara Mulder’s work on this paper is part of the project ‘Partner relationships, residential relocations and housing in the life course’ (PartnerLife). Principal investigators: Clara H. Mulder (University of Groningen), Michael Wagner (University of Cologne) and Hill Kulu (University of St Andrews). PartnerLife is supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research [NOW, grant number 464-13-148], the Deutsche ForschungsGemeinschaſt [DFG, grant number WA1502/6-1] and the Economic and Social Research Council [ESRC, grant number ES/L0166X/1] in the Open Research Area Plus scheme. Understanding Society (UKHLS) is an initiative funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and various Government Departments, with scientific leadership by the Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, and survey delivery by NatCen Social Research and Kantar Public. The research data are distributed by the UK Data Service. The authors are solely responsible for all analyses and interpretations of the data. Census statistics are adapted from data from the Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0. We are grateful to Mike Coombes for supplying the HMA shapefiles used in this project.

References Cooke, T. J., Mulder, C. H., & Thomas, M. (2016). Union dissolution and migration. Demographic Research, 34(26), pp. 741–760. Coombes M., & Wymer, C. (2010) Geography of Housing Market Areas (HMAs) in England: Stage 2 Report from CURDS. Dewilde, C. (2008). Divorce and the housing movements of owner-occupiers: A European comparison. Housing Studies, 23(6), pp. 809–832. Feijten, P., & van Ham, M. (2010). The Impact of Splitting Up and Divorce on Housing Careers in the UK. Housing Studies, 25(4), pp. 483–507. Gotlib, I. H. & Wheaton, B. (1997). Trajectories and turning points over the life course: Concepts and themes, in I.H. Gotlib & B. Wheaton (Eds.) Stress and adversity over the life course: Trajectories and turning points. Cambridge: CUP. Herbers, D. J., Mulder, C. H., & Mòdenes, J. A. (2014). Moving out of home ownership in later life: The influence of the family and housing careers. Housing Studies, 29(7), pp. 910–936. Jenkins, S. P. (2009). Marital splits and income changes over the longer term, in: M. Brynin & J. Ermisch (Eds.), Changing Relationships, pp. 217–236. Abingdon: Routledge.