The changing structure of urban settlements SETTLEMENT DYNAMICS The changing structure of urban settlements

How have urban locations changed over time? KEY QUESTIONs How have urban locations changed over time? What are the changes taking place in the location of retailing & offices and in the CBD?

Decentralisation of retail, manufacturing and administrative companies Essential changes Decentralisation of retail, manufacturing and administrative companies Decline of the CBD (or areas of it)

Describe the trends shown in the graph (3 marks)

Describe the trends shown in the graph (3 marks)

Traditional Retail Structure: Low order goods bought in the local area through corner shops, or in neighbourhood shopping parades Higher order goods bought in town and city centres. Family owned businesses

4 Stages of Retail Change Large supermarkets relocate to edge of town sites

4 Stages of Retail Change Box malls and fast food outlets move out of town

4 Stages of Retail Change Huge regional shopping centres built eg: Merry Hill, Fosse Park

4 Stages of Retail Change The growth of E retail

What’s caused this change? Increased affluence

What’s caused this change? Shopping seen as a ‘leisure activity’

What’s caused this change? A need for space

What’s caused this change? Traffic Congestion in towns

What’s caused this change? Bulk Buying trends

What’s caused this change? A desire to shop in a safer environment away from the weather!

What’s caused this change? The shift to motor car dominance and widespread ownership Large areas of free parking need to be provided

Essential changes in retail TASK Read you text book pages 187 – 188. Explain WHY decentralisation has happened

The changing cbd

Changes in CBD’s in uk cities closed streets and pedestrianisation altered road network to include one-way systems/bus/taxi lanes and cycle lanes modernised city centre shops, including new shopping malls new offices, apartments and hotels and conference centres (reurbanisation) renovated tourist facilities and cultural attractions refurbished or new civic buildings multi-storey car parks adjacent to shopping malls

Case study task Produce an annotated photographic collage of the changes that have taken place in a CBD you are familiar with Use the list of changes on the previous slide as stimulus.

PPQ ESSAYS Page 1 2015/11 Question 12 12 (a) Describe what functional zonation is and explain why it occurs in urban areas. [7]

‘Functional zonation’ Seen in urban areas Some functions cluster in certain parts of the town or city. Zonation can also occur laterally but also in a vertical sense. Examples in CBDs in MEDCs are high class retail, shoe shops, solicitors, etc. Zones may also be industrial, transport, entertainment, etc.

Why does functional zonation occur? The attraction of like functions to increase custom The operation of bid-rent and spatial competition Comparison behaviour, such as comparison shopping Linkages, e.g. efficiency of doing business with each other Planning decisions Accessibility Social factors Physical factors

factors other than bid rent that influence zonation Planning controls Enterprise zones/regeneration projects eg: Docklands/Cardiff Bay Green belts eg: Coventry Relief – coastal areas in Rio attract most expensive houses, Favellas on hills Waterfronts (rivers, lakes) – Thames area of Maidenhead (Boulters Lock) most expensive part of the town Wind direction (British Cities) eg: Coventrys most deprived areas such as Wood End and Hillfields are in the NE Congestion charge zones Transport routes – ribbon development Ethnic segregation eg: Golders Green London (Jewish), Foleshill (Coventry) Trends – Notting Hill Historical sites eg: Edinburghs defensive position Social Economic Political Environmental

PPQ ESSAYS Page 1 2015/11 Question 12 (b) With the help of examples, explain why retailing and other services may move out from the CBD to locations near the edge of the urban area. [8]

why retailing and other services may move out from the CBD to locations near the edge of the urban area Advantages of the Fringe Disadvantages of the cbd Lower bid rent Savings on journey times Route nodes and edge junctions give good access Available space Greener site Relative quiet Purpose built retail parks High costs Inconvenience Congestion Poor access Lack of space to expand Lack of parking Crime

PPQ ESSAYS Page 2 2015/12 Question 12 (b) Explain the causes and the consequences of spatial competition within urban areas. [8]

CAUSES: the desirability of urban land lack of space. CONSEQUENCES: The property market is very active and competitive, property deals are highly profitable in a fast-moving market Urban locations, especially central, highly accessible or prestigious ones, are highly valued and very expensive Urban land-uses tend to try to maximise the use of space, e.g. high-rise in CBD, underground parking, no ‘wasted’ space, plots not vacant long Zonation of land use Translocation of some retailing/services to out-of-town locations.

PPQ ESSAYS Page 5 2014/12 Question 12 Describe the characteristic functions of Central Business Districts (CBDs). [7] With reference to one or more urban settlements, describe how the CBD is changing and give reasons for these changes. [8]

PPQ ESSAYS Page 7 2013/11 Question 12 Describe the different locations in which retailing (e.g. shops and supermarkets) is found in urban areas. [7] With the help of examples, suggest reasons why the Central Business District (CBD) in urban settlements is changing. [8] Assess whether, in urban settlements, it is preferable to live in the CBD or in a residential suburb. [10]