Warm-up: Monday Choose one: Where would you want to live when you are an adult: urban, suburban, or rural? Explain why.

Take notes on notebook paper! This is page U-8 Urban Growth in the U.S. Take notes on notebook paper! This is page U-8

BORCHERT’S MODEL (METROPOLITAN EVOLUTION) Generalization of the historical growth of the U.S. urban system Based on key changes in energy and transportation technology OCCURRED IN 5 STAGES

BORCHERT’S MODEL (METROPOLITAN EVOLUTION) 1. Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) : Boston, NY, Philadelphia 2. Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870) : steam engine technology; Pittsburgh, Detroit, Chicago growing 3. Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920) : national rail network 4. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970) : Gas engine; Sunbelt 5. Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch (1970-?) : High tech. In 1967, John Borchert suggested that American cities went through 5 distinct stages: 1. Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830); the only means of international trade was sailing ships. Once goods were on land, they were hauled by wagon to their final destination. 2. Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70); characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks; 3. Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920); dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network; 4. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70); with growth in the gasoline combustion engine; 5. Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?); also called the High-Technology Epoch.

Suburbanization - growth of areas on the fringes of major cities Push Factors: Perception that urban areas were: Pull Factors Overpopulated Over-polluted Dirty Lower-class Crime-ridden More open spaces Perception of being closer to nature Infrastructure: Interstate Highway System

PBS Video: Race – The Power of an Illusion: The Genesis of Discriminatory Housing Policies From the video, take notes on: The role of G.I.s returning from the war Discrimination in housing: redlining and blockbusting Urban renewal White flight Effects of discrimination in housing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhgrrdGcPqo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhgrrdGcPqo Start at: 26:21 Stop at: colorblindness

Government Role in U.S. Suburbanization http://mentalfloss.com/article/78410/15-ways-highways-changed-america

Government Role in U.S. Suburbanization Historians use the word “boom” to describe a lot of things about the 1950s: the booming economy, the booming suburbs and most of all the so-called “baby boom.” The G.I. Bill subsidized low-cost mortgages for returning soldiers, which meant that it was often cheaper to buy one of these suburban houses than it was to rent an apartment in the city.

Government Role in U.S. Suburbanization Interstate highway project of the 1950s was developed with suburbanization in mind. Government agreed to underwrite mortgages for suburban one-family homes. In effect, the government was encouraging the transfer of the middle-class population out of the inner city and into the suburbs.

Suburbanization: Housing and insurance discrimination Redlining: practice of increasing the cost of services such as banking and insurance or denying access to jobs, health care, or even supermarkets to residents in particular areas. Many minorities were legally excluded from purchasing property in suburban areas https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/population-and-urbanization-17/urban-problems-and-policy-125/suburbanization-707-10233/

http://cornersideyard. blogspot http://cornersideyard.blogspot.com/2013/03/redlining-blockbusting-and-urban.html http://thealfanogroup.blogspot.com/2015/02/redlining-blockbusting-and-effects-of.html

Suburbanization: Housing and insurance discrimination Blockbusting: the practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people of another race or class moving into the neighborhood, and thus profiting by reselling at a higher price.

Suburbanization: Housing and insurance discrimination White flight - The large-scale migration of whites of various European ancestries, from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban areas.

“White flight” example: St. Louis 2010 Census - City of St. Louis Caucasian African Amer. Asian Hispanic Pacific Islander 43.9 49.2 2.9 3.5 .03 2010 Census - St. Louis county Caucasian African Amer. Asian Hispanic Pacific Islander 70.3 23.3 3.5 2.5 .03

Warm-up: Tuesday 1. We are located in an area of urban sprawl. What do you see in this area? 2. Let’s compare my old (2005) San Antonio map with today using Google Earth. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-effects-of-urban-sprawl.php http://www.archdaily.com/500409/urban-sprawl-in-the-us-the-10-worst-offenders

Urban Sprawl Urban sprawl – unrestricted growth of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

Urban Sprawl Megastores – huge stores with a wide variety of products designed for one stop shopping (aka “Big Box” stores)

Urban Sprawl What are the causes and effects of urban sprawl?

American Makeover Episode 1: Sprawlanta https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoVXoB6x3vM What are the problems associated with urban sprawl in Atlanta? How has the development of Glenwood Park addressed those problems?

Measuring Sprawl The researchers found that as Sprawl Index scores improved—that is, as areas became less sprawling—several quality of life factors improved along with them. People have greater economic opportunity in compact and connected metro areas. People spend less of their household income on the combined cost of housing and transportation in these areas. People have a greater number of transportation options available to them. And people in compact, connected metro areas tend to be safer, healthier and live longer than their peers in more sprawling metro areas. http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/measuring-sprawl-2014.pdf

Sustainable Design Initiatives

Sustainable Design Initiatives Walkable mixed-use commercial and residential areas Smart-growth policies New urbanism Greenbelts Slow-growth cities

New Urbanism A counter to urban sprawl. Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. New urbanists want to create neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and a sense of place.

New Urbanism Examples of new urbanist projects: Seaside, Florida; West Laguna, California; Kentlands, Maryland; Celebration, Florida.

American Makeover Episode 2: Seaside, FL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9F4PDPUS24 You will be assigned one of the ideas mentioned in the video. Take notes on that idea. Discuss how that idea reflects the concepts of new urbanism.

Idea # ___ Idea topic: How does this idea reflect the concepts of new urbanism?

Idea # ___ Idea topic: How does this idea reflect the concepts of new urbanism?

Idea # ___ Idea topic: How does this idea reflect the concepts of new urbanism?

Idea # ___ Idea topic: How does this idea reflect the concepts of new urbanism?

Idea # ___ Idea topic: How does this idea reflect the concepts of new urbanism?

Idea # ___ Idea topic: How does this idea reflect the concepts of new urbanism?

Warm-up: Wednesday

Greenbelts Greenbelt – A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area. San Antonio Greenway (not a Greenbelt) http://therivardreport.com/the-feed-not-in-my-back-yard/

Slow-growth cities urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl smart-growth policies: any policy that tries to prevent the demanding effects of suburban sprawl and urban fragmentation

Remediation and redevelopment of brown fields http://www.sanantonio.gov/CCDO/IncentivesandPrograms/BrownfieldsProgram.aspx http://therivardreport.com/could-lone-star-brewery-become-pearl-south/

Remediation and redevelopment of brown fields A “Brownfield” is a site (either vacant or with structures) whose redevelopment is complicated by the possible presence of environmental contamination. Examples can include abandoned gas stations, dry cleaning facilities, junkyards, old car dealerships, abandoned factories, landfills, and other potentially contaminated properties. As sites remain abandoned and unmarketable, they increase inner city blight and perpetuate the perception that infill development is risky and expensive. Brownfields decrease property values, hurt local economies, and can threaten community and human health and the environment. Brownfield sites present unique development challenges that require a creative and multifaceted approach to address. The City of San Antonio established the Brownfield Redevelopment Program in 2011 to foster redevelopment of these sites. The mission of the City’s Brownfield Redevelopment Program is to identify such sites, assess the environmental conditions to determine the extent of contamination, if any, and facilitate the clean-up and redevelopment of the site into a productive community asset.

Brownfields to Greenfields

Remaining Time Class Word Splash Plickers Review