Introduction to the course

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Electric Power System Branch of Electrical Engineering which deal with the Technology of Generation, Transmission and Distribution DC Power system Pearl Street Station in New York City, 1882 “Illuminating Companies” by Thomas A. Edison Three phase AC Power System, 1896 2 Generators & Transmission line @ 25 Hz 1 ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Power System Components Generation subsystem Transmission subsystem Sub-transmission subsystem Distribution subsystem Protection & Control subsystem Most complex man made system ! ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Power System Structure ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Power System Structure ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Transmission & Distribution Voltage Levels Transmission Networks – EHV AC or HVDC Operates @ 765 kV/ 400 kV/ 220 kV AC or  500 kV DC AC Sub-Transmission Networks Operates @ 132 kV/ 110 kV/ 66 kV/ 33 KV AC Distribution Network Primary side: 11 kV Secondary side: 415 V, 4 wire ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Substation ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Substation components Lightning arrester Carrier line communication equipments (Wave Trap) Instrument Transformers (CT, PT) Circuit Breakers Isolators Bus bars Power Transformers Control room ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Protection & Control subsystem Power System Faults – Open Circuit & Short Circuit Fail free Power System is Hypothetical. Faults are detected automatically by Relays & Isolated by Circuit Breakers Issues are Speed, Sensitivity, Selectivity, Reliability Auto reclosure scheme, Blackouts Microprocessor based relays Modern Trends - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems Components – Multiple RTUs, Master Station, & Communication Infrastructure ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal EHVAC vs HVDC Right of way to transmit 6,000 MW with two DC lines vs. five 500 kV AC lines ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Sector wise Power consumption in India (2002) ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Types of Load Industrial load 3 phase; Inductive Complex tariff structure Domestic / Commercial loads 1-phase; Resistive Tariff based on energy consumed - kWHr Appliances & Power Rating Incandescent lamps (5 W to 100 W) Fluorescent lamps (20 W & 40 W); CFL (5 W to 25 W) Air Conditioner (1.5 T) 1800 W Electric Iron (750 W) Heaters/ Geysers (2 kW) Ceiling Fan (60 W) Washing Machine (with heater) (2.5 kW) Refrigerator (160 W) PC (200 W), Laptop (40 W) Reduce Electricity bill by minimizing the use of heating / environmental conditioning gadgets ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Power Sector Reforms Background State Electricity Boards (SEBs) are responsible for providing electricity to the people SEBs are not even able to earn a minimum Rate of Return (RoR) of 3% on their net fixed assets in service Reforms in power sector was initiated in 1991 2001: Decided to achieve Commercial viability in distribution in 2-3 years Create profit centres with full accountability Handing over local distribution to Panchayats/Local bodies/Franchisees/Users association Privatization of distribution ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Electricity Act 2003 National Electricity Policy on Rural Electrification, Open access in transmission, Phased open access in distribution, Mandatory State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC), License free generation and distribution, Power trading, Mandatory metering, Stringent penalties for theft of electricity ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Summary Power System deals with Generation, Transmission & Distribution of Electric Energy Bulk Power Generation is 3 Phase AC @ 11 kV to 22 kV Transmission Networks – EHV AC or HVDC Operates @ 765 kV/ 400 kV/ 220 kV AC or  500 kV DC AC Sub-Transmission Networks Operates @ 132 kV/ 110 kV/ 66 kV/ 33 KV Distribution Network Primary side: 11 kV & Secondary side: 415 V, 4 wire Protection & Control Relays, Switchgears Substations Control room & Switchyard ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Additional resources & Slides http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/pes http://www.mnes.nic.in http://www.npcil.nic.in http://www.cercind.org http://cea.nic.in ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

TRANSMISSION NETWORK – A Glance ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Over head lines vs. Cables Transmission/ Sub-transmission network – Over head lines Air is a good Insulator – 30 kV/cm ACSR – Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Power Cables Steel Wire Armored Cable (SWA) PVC A: Conductor  B: Semicon Conductor Shielding C: XLP Insulation D: Semicon Layer    E: Metallic Shielding  F: Binder Tape    G: Jacket ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Power Scenario in India Power Situation: (April 2005 - February 2006) Demand Met Surplus/ Deficit Energy 575,384 MU 527,539 MU -8.3 % Peak Demand 92,968 MW 81,370 MW -12.5 % Consumption per capita ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Consumption per capita Global… ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Installed Capacity ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Investments in Power Sector PLANWISE OUTLAY PLANWISE EXPENDITURE ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal Transmission… ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Rural Electrification Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal

Rural Electrification No. of Villages (Census 1991) 593,732 Villages Electrified (31st March 2004) 474,982 Electrification % 80% Rural Households (Census 2001) 138,271,559 Having access 60,180,685 Electrification % 44% ELE 101 / 102 Dept of E & E Engg, MIT Manipal