Brief Response How did government corruption manifest in the late 19th century and what efforts did people make to solve it? Corruption existed in cities, states, and nationally. Greedy and fraudulent political machines and bosses, greedy and fraudulent, controlled cities. The spoils system brought people into many levels of government who could not do their jobs and often were corrupt. The media and government went after the bosses, with public support. Presidents and Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act to bring in competent government employees, practically ending the spoils system.

Expanding Public Education; The Dawn of Mass Culture 292

Today’s goal American public education developed quickly at the turn-of-the-twentieth-century. Higher education became available to more Americans. The turn-of-the-twentieth-century saw many new leisure activities and popular sports develop. Mass culture spread and there were innovations in marketing and advertising

Booker T. Washington Prominent African American educator Believed racism would end when African Americans acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. Founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. “no race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.”

Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Today called Tuskegee University, in Alabama For African Americans Teaching diplomas Agriculture Domestic work Mechanical work

W. E. B. Dubois First African American to receive a Ph.D from Harvard University. Disagreed with B. T. Washington‘s “gradual” approach. Began the Niagara Movement. Believed African Americans were entitled to full social equality. “We are Americans, not only by birth and by citizenship, but by our political ideals…..And the greatest of those ideals is that ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL.”

Niagara Movement Dubois insisted that Blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African American community would have well-educated leaders. He believed that the top achievers should attempt to enter mainstream American life and politics as social equals.

Joseph Pulitzer Hungarian immigrant who became one of America’s most powerful paper publishers. the New York World in 1883. He started a Sunday edition Comics Sports coverage Women’s news Emphasized stories of “sin, sex, and sensation” to compete with other papers. Began a competition for journalists and photojournalists, one of the most coveted awards = Pulitzer Prize.

William Randolph Hearst Another wealthy publisher of many newspapers across the nation. Owned the New York Morning Journal and San Francisco Examiner. Successfully used exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, and even an imaginary conquest of Mars to attract readers. Both Hearst’s and Pulitzer’s papers were selling a million copies a day. Hearst is the basis for Charles Foster Kane, in Orson Wells’ classic film, Citizen Kane. He owned the Hearst estate, at San Simeon, CA.

Ashcan School American art movement in the early 1900s. Led by Thomas Eakins Realism, life as it is really lived. Used photography to help paint more accurately. Followed by student, Robert Henri. European Abstract Art would pull interest away from the Ashcan movement.

Mark Twain Pseudonym for Samuel Clemens, of Missouri. Novelist and American humorist He claimed his writing was independent of “literature and all that bosh”. Wrote realistically, including the way people speak. 1870s: Famous novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Rural free delivery (RFD) Because most of the nation lived in the country, not cities, the United States Post Office began delivery directly to every home. This accelerated mail-order shopping by companies like Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward.

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p . 283, drawing conclusions kindergartens became popular and were supported by the public school system.

p. 283, interpreting graphs 1. About 13% 2. More impressive, because millions of immigrants could not read English when they arrived in America

p. 284, summarizing Public schools Night schools Large companies like Ford Motor Company.

p . 285, synthesizing All-black colleges and universities opened Only a tiny percentage of African Americans received a college education.

p. 285, 3, hypothesizing Less economic growth Immigrants slower to adapt to American life Decrease in college enrollment

p. 285, 4, comparing Washington Du Bois Acquiring useful skills and teaching diploma in order for African Americans to be of economic value to society. Liberal arts education to produce African American leaders.

p. 293, making inferences The attire women adopted for bicycle riding soon became popular for daily wear. The bicycle also freed women from always having to have a chaperone with them.

p. 294, drawing conclusions Leisure activities provided Americans with relief from crowded urban life They occupied their increased time outside of work.

p. 295, drawing conclusions By printing lurid headlines Devising promotional stunts Making up news Instituting Sunday editions Comics Coverage of sports Coverage of women’s news

p. 295, History through art Reflections Color Scale Perspective Depth Detail

p. 296, analyzing causes America’s growing literacy rate and cheaper prices for books and other printed materials due to new technologies.

p. 297, 2, taking notes leisure Amusement parks, bicycling, tennis, boxing, baseball, shopping culture Newspapers, fine arts, popular fiction, libraries

p. 297, 3, summarizing Goods were advertised or sold in mail-order catalogs, newspapers and magazines, railroad signs, billboards, and shopping centers.

p. 297, 4, analyzing visual sources The cartoonist feels that Pulitzer and Hearst were taking journalism over the edge to destruction.

p. 299, connect to history Summary statements. New technologies allowed for more leisure time. Leisure activities gained popularity and profitability. Theater and entertainment industries grew. Enrollment in colleges and universities rose. Would you want to live in these times? Explain.

Dialect in Literature worksheet

Brief Response How did American education change socially and academically?