Chapter 4 Prefixes Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Prolapse Ectopic pregnancy Parathyroid glands Prolapse Recombinant DNA. Syndrome Symbiosis Symphysis Transurethral Ultrasonography Adrenal glands Antibiotic Autoimmune disease Antigen Antibodies Autoimmune disease Congenital anomaly Rh Condition Contralateral Dialysis Journal question: What is a prefix? What is an example of a prefix? Give at least three examples of different medical terms that share that same prefix. Give an example of medical terms that share the same root but have different prefixes. 1

Chapter Goals Define basic prefixes used in the medical language. Analyze medical terms that combine prefixes and other word elements. Learn about the Rh condition as an example of an antigen-antibody reaction.

Prefixes and Terminology ab- away from ad- toward ana- up, apart ante- before, forward anti- against bi- two Prefix Meaning Refer to section beginning on p. 111 for terms using these prefixes.

Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d) brady- slow cata- down con- with, together contra- against, opposite de- down, lack of dia- through, complete Prefix Meaning Refer to section beginning on p. 111 for terms using these prefixes.

Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d) ec-, ecto out, outside en-, endo- in, within eu- good, normal ex- out, away from hemi- half Prefix Meaning

Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d) in- not in- into, within infra- beneath inter- between intra- into, within macro- large Prefix Meaning

Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d) mal- bad meta- beyond, change micro- small neo- new pan- all para- abnormal, beside, near Prefix Meaning

Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d) poly- many, much post- after, behind pre- before, in front of pro- before, forward pseudo- false re- back, again Prefix Meaning

Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d) supra- above, upper syn-, sym- together, with tachy- fast trans- across, through ultra- beyond, excel uni- one Prefix Meaning

QUICK QUIZ: 1. Which term means a muscle that draws a limb TOWARD the body? (Watch spelling!) A. adducter B. abductor C. adductor D. abducter Correct answer is C: adductor (answer A is misspelled. B means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. D is misspelled.)

QUICK QUIZ: 1. Which term means a muscle that draws a limb TOWARD the body? (Watch spelling!) A. adducter B. abductor C. adductor D. abducter Correct answer is C: adductor (answer A is misspelled. B means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. D is misspelled.)

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. Which term means painful breathing? A. dyspnea B. dysplasia C. apnea D. cephalgia Correct answer is A: dyspnea dys- means painful -pnea means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have a root or combining form (as dyspnea, for example, has a prefix and a suffix with an imbedded root.)

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. Which term means painful breathing? A. dyspnea B. dysplasia C. apnea D. cephalgia Correct answer is A: dyspnea dys- means painful -pnea means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have a root or combining form (as dyspnea, for example, has a prefix and a suffix with an imbedded root.)

Review Adrenal glands: Endocrine glands located above each kidney Antibiotic: Destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria Autoimmune disease: The body makes antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury. What is the function of adrenal glands? What is adrenaline? What is another name for the term? What was the first antibiotic? (penicillin) What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves’ disease)

Rh Condition Background on Rh Condition Antigen: A substance, usually foreign to the body, that stimulates the production of antibodies. i.e. poison, flu virus, bacterium Antibodies: Protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens. Antigen examples: poison, flu virus, bacterium Immune reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibody What is a common name for an immune reaction against normally nonthreatening antigens?

Rh Condition (cont’d) Rh Condition: An antigen-antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive). First pregnancy with Rh+ baby: baby is not affected but Rh- mother is sensitized Second pregnancy with Rh+ baby baby develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) Symptom of HDN: Jaundice Discuss how Rh condition occurs. First pregnancy with Rh+ baby: baby is not affected but Rh- mother is sensitized Second pregnancy with Rh+ baby baby develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) Symptom of HDN: Jaundice How can the condition be prevented? (Prevent Rh condition with Rh immune globulin injection to Rh- woman within 72 hours of delivery, miscarriage, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus.)

Rh Condition (cont’d)

QUICK QUIZ: 3. Antibodies are made by what type of cell? A. platelets B. leukocytes C. thrombocytes D. erythrocytes Correct answer is B: leukocytes or white blood cells.

QUICK QUIZ: 3. Antibodies are made by what type of cell? A. platelets B. leukocytes C. thrombocytes D. erythrocytes Correct answer is B: leukocytes or white blood cells.

Review Autoimmune disease: The body makes antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury. Congenital anomaly: An irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with What are some examples of congenital anomalies? What are some causes of nonhereditary congenital anomalies?

Review (cont’d) Contralateral: The opposite side of the body. Dialysis: Removing harmful waste products from the body with an artificial kidney machine (dialysis machine). Give some examples that demonstrate contralateral. What term means the same side? (ipsilateral)

Review (cont’d) Ectopic pregnancy: An abnormal pregnancy when the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes, but sometimes on an ovary or in the abdominal cavity. See p. 118 for more details

QUICK QUIZ: 4. Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the ____________? A. peritoneal cavity B. right ovary C. left ovary D. fallopian tube Correct answer is D: fallopian tube. See p. 118 for more detail.

QUICK QUIZ: 4. Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the ____________? A. peritoneal cavity B. right ovary C. left ovary D. fallopian tube Correct answer is D: fallopian tube. See p. 118 for more detail.

Review Parathyroid glands: Four endocrine glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland that function separately from the thyroid gland. Prolapse: To fall or slide forward, often used to describe an organ, such as a prolapsed uterus. What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

Review (cont’d) Recombinant DNA: Taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism. Syndrome: A group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition. Symbiosis: Two organisms living together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not. Describe the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture insulin outside the body. What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? List a syndrome example (other than Reye syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome), and ask students to list the symptoms. What is parasitism?

Review (cont’d) Symphysis: A joint in which the bony surfaces are united by a layer of fibrocartilage. Transurethral: When an instrument passes through the urethra. What are some examples of symphysis?

Review: Ultrasonography Ultrasonography: A diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue. Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image. What is an echocardiogram?

Pronunciation (cont’d) Examples antigen contralateral malaise prolapse ĂN-tĭ-jĕn cŏn-tră-LĂT-ĕr-ăl măl- ĀZ PRŌ-lăps Have students pronounce each term. Which syllable is accented (stressed) in each of these terms?