Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis Chapter 2. Psychoanalytic Therapies Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

A Sketch of Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 MD from University of Vienna in 1891. Trained in neurology. Founder of psychoanalysis. Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. A prolific pioneer in multiple areas. A case of physician-assisted suicide? Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Theory of Personality Topographic Dynamic Genetic Economic Structural Adaptive Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Theory of Psychopathology A conflict model Largely at unconscious level. Motivating forces are Eros and Thanatos. Conflicts lead to defense mechanisms. Type of defense mechanisms are dependent on psychosexual stage. Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Psychosexual Stages Oral stage (birth - 18 months) Anal stage (18 months - 3 years) Phallic stage (3 - 6 years) Latency stage (6 years and up) Genital stage Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Therapeutic Processes Consciousness Raising Confrontation and clarification Interpretation Working through Other Change Processes Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Therapeutic Content Intrapersonal Conflicts Anxieties and defenses Self-esteem Responsibility Interpersonal Conflicts Intimacy and sexuality Communication Hostility Control Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Therapeutic Content (cont.) Indivduo-Social Conflicts Adjustment versus transcendence Impulse control Beyond Conflict to Fulfillment Meaning of life Ideal individual Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Therapeutic Relationship 3 interrelated components Working alliance Transference Countertransference Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Practicalities of Psychoanalysis 99% of psychoanalysts and 88% of psychoanalytic therapists have undergone personal therapy. Analysts see analysands between 3 to 4 times a week. Average analysis lasts 4 to 6 years. Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

A Major Alterative: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Anna Freud (1895 -1982) The Ego & the Mechanisms of Defense Franz Alexander (1891-1963) Corrective emotional experience Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

A Major Alternative: Relational/Intersubjective Model Transference is an interactive process between patient and therapist. Focus on desires, not drives. Locus of change is between people, not inside patient’s mind. More concerned and active therapist stance. Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Effectiveness of Psychoanalytic Therapies Many clinical surveys, entailing retrospective, uncontrolled studies in naturalistic settings. Psychoanalytic goals not particularly amenable to quantification. No RCT’s on classical or relational psychoanalysis. Several controlled outcome studies on long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis has proven more effective than a credible placebo therapy. Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Criticisms of Psychoanalysis From a cognitive-behavioral perspective From an existential perspective From a cultural perspective From an integrative perspective Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Freud’s Legacy Unconscious is alive and powerful. Origins of many behavioral disorders are rooted in childhood. Humans are in internal conflict and tend to produce compromise solutions. Mental representations of ourselves, others, and relationships profoundly impact our daily functioning. Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Future Directions Is psychoanalysis dead? Future is probably psychoanalytic therapy, not psychoanalysis. Future is… Interpersonal Integration Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Key Terms anal personality anal stage analysand castration anxiety compromise formation corrective emotional experiencing countertransference defense mechanisms denial displacement dynamic view fixation free association genetic view genital personality genital stage incorporation insight instincts intellectualization interpretation intersubjective latency stage latent content manifest content meta-analysis neuro-psychoanalysis neurosis oedipal conflict Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Key Terms (cont’d) oral personality oral stage phallic personality phallic stage primal anxiety primary-process thinking projection psychic determinism psychoanalysis psychoanalytic therapy psychosexual stages reaction formation relational psychoanalysis resistance secondary-process structural change structural view sublimation transference transference neurosis unconscious undoing working alliance working through Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Recommended Websites American Psychoanalytic Association: www.apsa.org & www.teachpsychoanalysis.com APA Division of Psychoanalysis: www.apadivisions.org/division-39/ International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis: www.iarpp.net/ Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual: www.pdm1.org Sigmund Freud and the Freud Archives: www.freudarchives.org Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 2 Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc.