Chapter 4 Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality: Identity

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Analogy Humans are conscious actors and strivers

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach View of free will Though personality is largely determined by unconscious forces, individuals do have the ability to overcome these

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Common assessment techniques Varies from free association to situational and autobiographical study, with an emphasis on self- concept

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Implications for therapy As with psychoanalytic therapy, insight into inner motives is key But because the ego is central, there is less concern with unconscious motivation

Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

Carl Jung The mind/psyche has three parts: Ego The personal unconscious The collective unconscious

Carl Jung Parts of the mind: Ego The conscious part of personality Embodies the sense of self Similar to Freud’s concept of ego

Carl Jung Parts of the mind: The personal unconscious Contains thoughts that are not currently part of conscious awareness Not only threatening and unacceptable material, but all non-conscious material Contains past and “future” material

Carl Jung Parts of the mind: The collective unconscious A deeper level of the unconscious Shared with the rest of humanity Contains archetypes universal emotional symbols

Carl Jung Archetypes: Animus/Anima Male element in a woman/female element in a man Persona and Shadow Socially acceptable front vs. dark and unacceptable side of personality Mother Embodiment of generativity and fertility Hero and Demon Strong force for good vs. cruelty and evil

Carl Jung Complexes A “complex” is a group of emotionally charged thoughts that are related to a particular theme Jung created a word association test to study complexes The pattern of words produced reveals the complex

Carl Jung Example word-association test: As soon as a word appears, say aloud the first word you think of Words will appear one by one

Head Green Water Death Ship

ROTTER INCOMPLETE SENTENCE COMPLETION COLLEGE FORM Name………………… ROTTER INCOMPLETE SENTENCE COMPLETION COLLEGE FORM Name…………………. Sex………………. Age…………..Marital state……………….. Place……………………………………………. Date……….. Complete these sentences to express your real feeling. Try to do every one. Be sure to make complete sentences. 1. I like…………………………………………………………………………………….... 2. The happiest time……………………………………………………………………….... 3. I want to know………………………………………………………………………........ 4. Back home……………………………………………………………………………….. 5. I regret……………………………………………………………………………………. 6. At bedtime ……………………………………………………………………………….. 7. Boys……………………………………………………………………………………....

Carl Jung 4 functions 2 attitudes 8 types (4 x 2) Typology Each person has a “best fit” to one type Determined by the person’s dominant function and dominant attitude Forms the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 1.) ENERJİNİZİ YÖNLENDİRDİĞİNİZ İLK KAYNAK NERESİ OLUR? EXTRAVERSION VS INTROVERSION 2.) BİLGİYİ NE ŞEKİLDE İŞLEMEYİ TERCİH EDERSİNİZ? SENSING VS INTUITIVE 3.) KARARLARINIZI NASIL ALMAYI TERCİH EDERSİNİZ? THINKING VS FEELING 4.) HAYATINIZI NASIL DÜZENLEMEYİ TERCİH EDERSİNİZ? JUDGING VS SENSING BAK MYERS BRIGGS DOCUMENT IN TURKISH

Carl Jung - The four functions of the mind – WAYS OF PERCEIVING THE WORLD Sensing Thinking Feeling Intuiting accepting known facts, experience, now, feasibility analytical, objective, critical, observant subjective, personal, appreciative, participatory, value- based, now-focus new possibilities, novelty, creativity, future oriented, idealist

Carl Jung The two major attitudes of the mind: Extroversion Directs psychic energy toward things in the external world; Orientation toward external world & others Introversion Directs psychic energy inward Orientation toward one’s own thoughts & feelings

Forerunner of Many other Psychologists, both Humanistic and Cognitive Alfred Adler “Individual Psychology” Emphasizes the importance of social conditions on personality Was a critic of Freud’s theory & had interpersonal conflict with Freud Life of Adler 1870-1937 Lived in Austria Sick as child; jealous of older brother Feelings of inferiority Compensation for weaknesses through persistence Life of Adler, cont’d. Studied medicine, neurology & psychiatry Discussed ideas but did not study with Freud Was a critic of Freud’s theory & had interpersonal conflict with Freud Forerunner of Many other Psychologists, both Humanistic and Cognitive Influenced Karen Horney (social factors), Gordon Allport (unity of personality), Henry Murray (individual traits), Julian Rotter (expectancies), and Abraham Maslow (Self-actualization. Rollo May, and Carl Rogers

Alfred Adler Forerunner of many other Psychologists, both Humanistic and Cognitive Influenced Karen Horney (social factors), Gordon Allport (unity of personality), Henry Murray (individual traits), Julian Rotter (expectancies), and Abraham Maslow (Self-actualization. Rollo May, and Carl Rogers

Adler on Delusions of Power – There are two innate forces that shape our lifestyles/personality: Social interest and striving for perfection "The striving for personal power is a disastrous delusion and poisons man's living together. Whoever desires the human community must renounce the striving for power over others." "One thing can save us: the mistrust of any form of predominance. Our strength lies in conviction, in organizing strength, in a world view, not in the violence of armament and not in emergency laws.” "For us the way and tactics emerge from our highest goal: the nursing and strengthening of social feeling.“ – GEMEINSCHAFTSGEFÜHL / COMMUNITY FEELING

Alfred Adler Three fundamental social issues: Occupational tasks Societal tasks Love tasks Expansion of Freud’s approach to increase emphasis on society and social relations

Alfred Adler Striving for superiority The central core of personality Inferiority complex Superiority complex (compensating for sense of inferiority) Organ inferiority—everyone is born with some physical weakness

Inferiority Feelings All human behavior is goal directed, and every individual strives for superiority Inferiority Source of human striving Normal condition of all people

Inferiority Feelings Compensation Motivation to overcome inferiority Inferiority may be real or imagined Function of environment (helplessness and dependence on adults are shared feelings of infants)

Striving for superiority increases tension Complexes Superiority Complex Inferiority Complex Inability to overcome for normal inferiority Sources of inferiority – real or imagined Organic inferiority, Spoiling, Neglect Low self-concept, helpless Overcompensation for normal inferiority of oneself Self-centered, denigrates others Urge toward perfection or completion BUT not an attempt to be better than others! --The ultimate goal: Fictional Finalism Imagined or potential goal that guides behavior – (the ultimate one: perfection) Striving for superiority increases tension Striving for superiority is manifested by both the individual and society Individual and society are interrelated and must function for the good of all

Alfred Adler Aggression drive the drive to lash out against the inability to achieve something A reaction to perceived helplessness Masculine protest the individual’s attempt to be competent and independent (both boys and girls)

Alfred Adler Superiority striving Striving to obtain power and superiority over one’s own inferiority Perfection striving Striving to meet fictional goals Fictional goals reflect an individual's view of perfection

The Style of Life - what could be called our personality or self… Unique structure/pattern of striving a unique pattern of characteristics, behaviors and habits that serve the ultimate goal of superiority/perfection Influenced by social environment early in life Birth order Nature of parent-child relationship Determines what we attend to in life and our attitudes, is the guiding framework

Alfred Adler Birth order and family dynamics First-born children Second-born children Last-born children Current findings Frank Sulloway First born: success and achievement Later born: revolutionary and creative

Manifestations of Style of Life Reflected in faulty logic – ADLER FIRST TO MENTION PRIVATE LOGIC, HE NAMED ‘CHATTERBOX’ ‘I belong only when I am noticed’ ‘I belong only when I rule’ ‘I belong only when I hurt others’ ‘I am unable, others shouldn’t rely on me’ Reflected in misbehaviors (such as power, attention seeking, display of inadequacy, and revenge)

How is Style of Life Created? Creative power of self Adler suggested that lifestyle is set by the age of 4-5, But also proposed: the perception of the early life experiences and our choices/free will will determine our personality Ability to create an appropriate style of life

How is Style of Life Created? Creative power of self Comparison with Freud: Adler not as clear as Freud when it comes to determinism Different from Freud: Adler asserts that the individual’s drives are not as important as how individuals creatively direct them

Alfred Adler Personality Typology

Karen Horney Feminist neo-analytic theory Rejection of Freudian notion of penis envy Envy of masculine freedoms and privileges

Karen Horney Basic anxiety—a child’s fear of being alone, helpless, and insecure Styles of coping with basic anxiety Passive (complying) Aggressive (fighting) Withdrawn (disengaging)

Karen Horney Different aspects of the self Real self The inner core of personality Despised self Feelings of inferiority and shortcomings Ideal self One’s view of perfection “Tyranny of the should” Goal of psychoanalysis is acceptance of the Real Self

Karen Horney When alienated from the Real Self, people develop neurotic coping strategies Moving toward Striving to make others happy and gain love Moving against Striving for power and recognition Moving away Withdrawal of emotional investment

Other Neo-Analysts Anna Freud Emphasized social influences on the ego Gave the ego more power Studied children and teens Heinz Hartmann The “father of ego psychology” Gave the ego more autonomy Id and ego in compensatory relationship

Object Relations Theories Focus on the importance of relations with others in defining ourselves Margaret Mahler Theory of symbiosis (mother-child) Symbiotic psychotic (no sense of self) Normal symbiotic (healthy ego) Emphasized the importance of parenting skills

Object Relations Theories Melanie Klein The first significant child psychoanalyst Developed technique of play therapy Heinz Kohut Fear of loss (of parent) Narcissistic personality disorder

Erik Erikson Neoanalytic stage theory Continues throughout life Unlike Freudian psychoanalytic theory, not focused on libido and sexual gratification Structured as a series of “ego crises” to be resolved Outcome of successful resolution of each stage is an “ego skill” mastered

Erik Erikson Erikson’s Stage Theory (early stages)

Erik Erikson Erikson’s Stage Theory (later stages)

Some Modern Approaches to Identity Jonathan Cheek Personal versus social self Communal/collective identity and relational identity Self-monitoring (Mark Snyder) Dispositional and situational orientations Personal projects, personal strivings, life tasks Possible selves The search for a meaningful life (not empty self- esteem)

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Advantages Importance of the goal-oriented nature of humans Acknowledges impact of society and culture Development continues throughout the life cycle Emphasizes the self as it struggles to cope with emotions on the inside and the demands of the world on the outside

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Limits Unconcerned with biology and fixed personality structures A hodgepodge of different ideas from different traditions Relies on abstract or vague concepts