The Industrial Revolution Spreads Unit 5 Section 4 A Changing World TYWL: Analyze the effects of industrialism & urbanization on social and economic reform and how economic crisis contributed to the growth of various political & economic movements. I can: understand how industrialization and urbanization both benefited and hindered economies, the environment, societies, politics, and people.

New Industrial Powers Early Industrial Revolution, Britain was the world’s industrial giant. Mid-1800s, other nations had joined the race, & were challenging Britain’s industrial supremacy.

Belgium 1st European nation outside Britain to industrialize. Germany united powerful nation in 1871. W/n a few decades, Europe’s leading industrial power. The US made rapid technological advances, after the Civil War. 1st American textile factory in Pawtucket, RI & Robert Fulton powered his steam boat w/one of James Watt’s steam engines. By 1900, American industry led the world in production. Japan industrialized rapidly after 1868. Eastern & southern Europe industrialized more slowly ; lacked natural resources or capital to invest.

Technology and Industry . Henry Bessemer developed a process to produce stronger steel. tools, bridges, & railroads. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. Nobel earned a huge amt. of money which he willed to fund the Nobel prizes. ELECTRICITY: Alessandro Volta developed the 1st battery. Michael Faraday created the 1st electric motor & dynamo, a machine that generates electricity. Thomas Edison made the 1st electric light bulb.

NEW METHODS OF PRODUCTION: interchangeable parts, identical components that could be used in place of one another. (Eli Whitney & the gun industry). Manufacturers also used the assembly line, were workers added parts to a product that moved along a belt from one work station to the next.

TRANSPORTATION Steamships replaced sailing ships. Rail lines connected inland cities, seaports, mining regions & industrial centers. Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. Karl Benz patented the 1st automobile. Gottlieg Daimler intro. the 1st four-wheeled automobile. Henry Ford began mass producing cars. Orville and Wilbur Wright designed & flew the 1st airplane in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC.

COMMUNICATION Samuel Morse developed the telegraph. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio & in 1901 transmitted the first radio message.

The Rise of Big Business In the US John D. Rockefeller built Standard Oil Company. Some viewed Krupp & Rockefeller as “captains of industry” or successful business men while others viewed the as “robber barons” for their aggressive tactics. B/w 1800 & 1900, the pop. of Europe more than doubled. : People ate better. Medical knowledge increased. Public sanitation improved. Hygiene improved. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs sold stocks, or shares in their companies, to investors. Large-scale companies formed corporations, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock Created monopolies & trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. In Germany Alfred Krupp created a large steel empire. Sometimes a group of businesses joined forces & formed a cartel, an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets.

Advances in Medicine LOUIS PASTEUR proved the link between microbes and disease, developed vaccines against rabies & anthrax, & discovered the process of pasteurization, the killing of disease-carrying microbes in milk. ROBERT KOCH id the bacteria that caused tb. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE 1st nursing school. JOSEPH LISTER discovered how antiseptic prevented infection. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE insisted on better hygiene in wartime field hospitals, intro. sanitary measures in British hospitals, and founded the world’s 1st nursing school.

City Life Patterns shifted: the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center. Paved streets, gas lamps, organized police forces, & expanded fire protection made cities safer & more livable. Architects began building soaring skyscrapers made of steel. Ex. Eiffel Tower in Paris & Louis Sullivan’s buildings in the US. Sewage systems improved public health.

Working-Class Struggles Workers protest to improve harsh conditions At 1st , business owners tried to silence protesters, strikes & unions were illegal, & demonstrations were crushed. By mid-century, workers slowly began to make progress: Gov’ts passed laws to regulate working conditions. Gov’ts est. old-age pensions & disability insurance. The standard of living improved late 1800s most western countries granted all men the right to vote.

Long-Term Effects Growth of labor unions Inexpensive new products Spread of industrialization Rise of big business Expansion of public education Expansion of middle class Competition for world trade among industrialized nations Progress in medical care

New Theories  Taylorism: theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply to management. Designed by Fredrick Taylor & detailed in his book, The Principles of Scientific Management written in 1911.