Road To Revolutions

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Shift from Medieval thought… People began to define the scientific method & apply it to search for the truth Math became a tool for modeling the natural world Separated science/math/medicine from Christianity

Before the Scientific Revolution … Geocentric Theory of the Universe EARTH was the center of the universe

PEOPLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION THINKERS FROM WHERE? CONTRIBUTIONS   Copernicus Poland Heliocentric theory Kepler Germany  Used math to discover laws of planetary motion proving Copernicus right Galileo Italy  Used telescope to prove Heliocentric theory Newton England  Discovered laws of gravity and motion, created calculus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0-ZbbrD6U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCxP24qj2UQ&t=23s  

Discussion with Students: Paraphrase/Put into your own words

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

The Enlightenment: aka “The Age of Reason”

Background: 1700’s - European intellectual thought focused on: Reason: God of Enlightenment, needed for rational & logical thinking Toleration: except for ideas they did not like! Natural law: drew on Newton’s natural laws of the universe to find laws for everything (incl. human society) Progress: history seen as always progressing

JOHN LOCKE -1632-1704 In nature – man is happy, independent & equal – Is man born good or bad? Neither = a blank slate Tabula Rasa – people influenced by experiences & teachings ** Govt. exists by a Social Contract between people (Consent of the Governed) to protect peoples’ Natural Human Rights of “life, health, liberty & property”… in their “pursuit of happiness”… ** Opposed Absolute Monarchy – revolution is not only a right, but a DUTY of citizens, if govt. is in breach of Social Contract Gave U.S. Founding Fathers – concept of Consent of governed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjIwkvhGsoo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZBs78WQuUc (drawing)

Voltaire: aka Francois Marie Arouet (1694 – 1778) Champion of tolerance Could not stand intolerance! Wrote: “A Treatise on Toleration” Wrote: “Candide” Witty, satire of Society, Government & Church – ** Against Religious & Political persecution – fought to end the use of torture (b/c he was a victim of it) ** Father of Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Religion** “I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death, your right to say it!”

Montesquieu (1689-1755) French noble and lawyer Wrote: “The Spirit of the Laws” (1748) Defined concept of separation of powers within government Writers of US Constitution took this idea as a basis of our government An independent Judiciary Gave U.S. founding fathers – “checks & balances” & “Separation of powers”

Jean Jacques Rousseau Wrote: “On the Social Contract” & “Emile” Liberty & equality, but people give them to each other, not natural rights The Social Contract is between people, not people & government *Good laws can make people good Humans are by nature good, but that society has corrupted them “Man is born free, but everywhere is in chains” Education should promote the free development of human potential **Concepts of the Common Good & the General Will (Majority rule), and Popular Sovereignty (democracy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqOaG24aPSc

Quiz: Who would Best Support… 1. Freedom of speech = __________________ 2. Consent of the Governed _______________ 3. Checks & Balances = ___________________ 4. No Torture = _________________________ 5. Separation of Powers = ________________ 6. Freedom of Religion = _________________ 7. Majority Rule = ______________________ 8. Laissez-Faire = _______________________ 9. “Life, Liberty & Property” = ______________ 10. The Social Contract = __________________ 12. Human/Natural Rights = _______________ 13. Revolution is ok when the Social Contract is breached =______