Practical CPTED for School Campuses Presented to School Based Law Enforcement Conference Corpus Christi, Texas June, 2011 Presented by Sgt. Steve Garst Certified Crime Prevention Specialist Community Services Division Little Elm Police Department, Texas

Steve Garst L.C.C., C.C.P.S. TCLEOSE Master Peace Officer B.B.A. Degree – Sam Houston State University 20 years law enforcement experience Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas (LEMIT) Leadership Command College (LCC) – Class # 41 Former Sergeant and Coordinator of School Safety – Conroe ISD Sergeant - Crime Prevention/Community Services – Little Elm PD TCLEOSE Master Peace Officer TCLEOSE Instructor Certification Certified Crime Prevention Specialist C.P.T.E.D. Specialist

Agenda Basic Overview of CPTED Principles The four D’s of CPTED Natural Surveillance Access Control Territorial Reinforcement Maintenance The four D’s of CPTED Deter Detect Delay Deny Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Agenda Key Concepts of Security & Strategies Perimeter Control – 1st line of defense Fences, Landscaping and Lighting Building Exterior Reinforcement – 2nd line of defense Doors, Windows, and other points of entry Building Interior – 3rd line of defense Locks, Alarms and Cameras Color and CPTED Movement and CPTED Weather issues Terrorism Floor plans and layouts Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Definition What is Crime Prevention? The anticipation, recognition and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of action to remove or reduce it. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Definition What is Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design? Proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the incidence of crime and the fear of crime and lead to an improvement in the quality of life. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Convenience Kills Safety Security Truism Safe Convenient Convenient Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Security Caveat No security system can be made completely secure! Anything made by man can be defeated by man! Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

The Law of Unintended Consequences Learn to think outside the (form of some other geometrical shape besides a) box. You must “what if” solutions to be sure you don’t create one problem while trying to solve another. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Enforce the Rules When the smallest of rules goes unenforced, all the rest become mere suggestions! Sgt. Steve Garst If you have a rule in the rule book you do not fairly, uniformly and consistently enforce, REMOVE IT! Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Four D’s of Crime Prevention 1. Deter the criminal attack 2. Detect the attack 3. Delay the attack 4. Deny access to selected targets Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Key CPTED Concepts Natural Surveillance Natural Access Control Territorial Behavior Maintenance Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Key CPTED Concepts Natural Surveillance The ability to see – in or out Applies to residential or commercial Extends to parking lots and beyond Windows, landscape maintenance, open areas, lighting and much more Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Visibility Issues Must NOT obstruct visibility A solid barrier has two negative effects… Provides a shield for unauthorized activity Prohibits visual inspection of the property. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Key CPTED Concepts Natural Access Control Concept directed primarily at decreasing crime opportunity by denying access to crime targets and creating in offenders a perception of risk Done by designing streets, buildings, entrances, gateways, etc. to clearly indicate public routes and to discourage access to private areas using structural elements Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Control Ingress and Egress Serve as a channel for persons and vehicles Must accommodate routine, expected movement Must also consider emergencies Must not deter from the overall value or benefit of the barrier itself. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Key CPTED Concepts Territorial Reinforcement Using physical attributes that express ownership, such as fences, pavement treatment, art, signs, lighting and such to show private ownership Makes legitimate users feel safer Discourages intruders Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Your Building Sidewalk Paving or Walk Material Different from Public Walk Your Building Sidewalk Your Driveway Lighting Fence or low landscaping Green Belt Public Sidewalk Grass, dirt, gravel, other area Highway

Maintenance A very important, but often ignored aspect… Must be inspected on a periodic basis to determine condition and guard against digging, damage, climbing aides, etc. Locks on gates and other openings in the barrier must be inspected periodically and changed at planned intervals “BROKEN WINDOWS” concept Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Landscaping and Shrubbery Insure optimum visibility of all possible entrances and exits Locate shrubs eighteen (18) to twenty-four (24) inches away from all entrances and exits Cut shrubs at least six (6) inches below window level, or no higher than eighteen (18) inches Trim tall shrubs and trees for the ground up to six (6) to eight (8) feet to assure visibility. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Landscaping and Shrubbery – cont. Separate hedges to prevent hiding Remove rocks, wood chips, removal mats, et al from doorways to prevent blocking door open Generally, thick and thorny type bushes or hedges are most recommended…but …remember that they may be used to hide an intruder. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Lighting Proper lighting serves as one of the most effective perimeter barriers available Provides both a physical and psychological deterrence Partially restores some of the deterrence provided by daylight Very efficient deterrent MUST… Be functioning properly Protect fixtures, switches, fuse boxes Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Not just More Light More Appropriate Light Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Building Perimeter – FIRST Line of Defense Any concession made here MUST be made up at the second or third line of defense. Fences Gates Exterior lighting Parking control After-hour access Concessions made on the first line of defense should be made up for here Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Building Exterior – Second Line of Defense Consider principle points of entry Doors Windows Roof hatches Skylights Floors Storm sewers Window air conditioner In other words…. Consider not only sides but top and bottom. Concessions made on the first line of defense should be made up for here Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Other Entry Points Sewers, storm drains, manhole covers (secure with chains, padlocks, bars, grating) Roof / roof hatches / skylights (make recommendations as circumstances dictate) Shafts, vents, ducts, fire escapes (make recommendations as circumstances dictate) Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

General Building Perimeter Recommendations 1.) Get those doors LOCKED 2.) Remove door mats and other door blocks 3.) Install door open alarm notifiers 4.) Provide adequate signs and visitor notices 5.) Routinely check roof hatches, skylights and other possible entry points Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Interior Controls Third Line of Defense Complex area and may vary considerably from building to building Considerations are: Key control Locks Cameras Metal detectors Alarms Access Type of glass Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Building Access Is entry limited to certain doors? Can secured doors be easily defeated? What precautions are in place to prevent defeat? Who unlocks / locks building? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

LOCKS Retrofit old locks Meets ADA compliance requirements Old “classroom function” style locks only from outside ANSI - F88 lock Locks from either side only with a key but… …if locked from inside, cannot be opened from outside. Remove outside entry handles except on main door Keep all doors locks – storage, electrical, classrooms not in use, et al. Upgrade and enforce key control.

Key Control How many keys are out there? How do you know, for sure? When was the last time building was re-keyed? Who has keys? What do they open? Are there any reports of lost keys? If ‘yes’, what action was taken? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Locks… and what else? Photo ID cards - Staff Photo ID cards - Students Photo ID cards - Visitors Proximity Card Access Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Intrusion Alarms - Overview Conduct basic check of the system. Can it be armed / disarmed as designed? Does it dial in to someone? When was code last changed? Are detectors located in appropriate locations? Are all detectors operational? Do all keypads work? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Cameras Best way to increase your “eyes” Most cost effective if wired into new building construction Should be integrated with alarms Provides proof of illegal or unauthorized activity – (eases prosecution – quiets vocal parents) Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Cameras have been documented as being effective in… Deterring criminal activity Documenting criminal activity Reducing property loss, thus reducing insurance premiums and related costs Reducing personal injury incidents Providing court-approved evidence Diffusing parental disputes of child’s activity Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Camera – Considerations What do you want to accomplish? Remember, there were perimeter cameras in Thurston High, and they showed Kip Kingel coming in, but he was not personally identifiable, nor could it be seen that he was carrying a large package. What good were they? A sub-par system that is not properly maintained is more of a liability than an asset. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Camera – Considerations - cont. Columbine had cameras but… The custodian forgot to change the tapes that morning. He changed it during the time (20 min.) that Harris and Klebold set the propane bombs in the cafeteria. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

The Use Colors of

The Use of Color Do colors affect people? Yes If that is true, then can colors be used to influence the “effective use” of an environment? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Red …symbolizes heat, fire, blood, passion, love, warmth, power, excitement and aggression …can elevate blood pressure and respiratory rate …emotionally intense and extremely dominating …makes people anxious …can cause people to loose track of time (Viva Las Vegas) …can be an appetite stimulant Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Yellow …excessive use can cause eye irritation and can speed metabolism …in moderate amounts can… …produce sensations of brightness and warmth …represent playfulness, light, creativity, easygoing attitude …attention getter, but like sunlight… you want it to be there, but you don’t want it in your eyes. …most visible of all colors – attention getter.

(the Green Room for TV guests) ..is a universal symbol of nature and money …symbolizes life, youth, renewal, hope …is the easiest color on the eyes …calming effect on nervous system (the Green Room for TV guests) Dark Green -- cool, masculine, conservative, and implies wealth. Emerald Green -- immortality. Olive Green -- the color of peace.

However… Colors can be deceiving Colors can take on different hues depending on location or proximity to other colors Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Is the color in the center the same or different? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

The same color will appear different under various types of lighting. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

The use of art to create… Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

In the cafeteria, you want them sitting down eating, so… …create serenity. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Don’t create motion, especially swift motion like... Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Animals and motion…do you want them moving? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Be aware of the intent and the picture being used Be aware of the intent and the picture being used. Some differences are very subtle. Passive Aggressive Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Move them with simple arrows… B O Y ’ S G Y M Move them with simple arrows… Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Building Floor Plans Subtle Differences and Simple Changes

Informal Gathering Areas School Student Parking

Formal Gathering Areas Fencing or landscaping Add Lighting School Student Parking Add Lighting Fencing or landscaping

Student Parking Curb Line Curb Line

Fencing or low landscaping Optional Gate Traffic lanes & curbs Student Parking Fencing or low landscaping Curb Line Curb Line

(Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe Places After hour parking for away athletic events. Lots of car burglaries or criminal mischief. Student Parking School Building Driver’s Education Training after school Faculty,/Visitor Parking Driveway Main Street

(Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe Places Move Driver’s Ed to back. Coming and going will help watch activity. Student Parking School Building Place after-hour parking in front Faculty,/Visitor Parking Driveway Main Street

The suddenly hostile 6’5”, 285 lb. parent is here Principal’s Office Your only exit is here The suddenly hostile 6’5”, 285 lb. parent is here You are here Your Desk Or maybe here How do you get away? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Principal’s Office Now, you can get away? Your only exit is here Place Yourself Here Your Desk Or Here Place the 6’5”, 285 lb. parent here. If he gets hostile, you have an escape. Now, you can get away? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Poor Design Good Design Isolated Entry Difficulty Hearing Good Entry / Access Good Hearing Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Commons AP Offices LIBRARY Main Offices Boys RR Boys RR Store Room Classrooms Classrooms Book Room Stairwell Girls RR Girls RR Stairwell AP Offices Stairwell LIBRARY Classroom Wing Classroom Wing Main Offices

Commons AP Offices AP Offices LIBRARY Main Offices Boys RR Boys RR Classrooms Classrooms Stairwell Girls RR Girls RR Stairwell Store Room Book Room Stairwell LIBRARY Classroom Wing Classroom Wing Main Offices

Library BB GB Reception Desk Enter Enter File Cabinets Enter Enter Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Library Reception Desk BB GB EXIT ONLY Enter File Cabinets EXIT ONLY Enter Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Receptionist Main Hallway Main Entry Doors Receptionist Main Hallway Bench Bench Main Hallway Main Entry Doors Receptionist Main Hallway Main Entry Doors Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Main Hallway Desk Main Entry Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Weather and other Shelter-in-Place Red and Green Dots Low cost Easy to install Easy to train Easy to follow Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Terrorism Labs and chemicals HAZMET potential – custodial and classes Utility cut-off locations and methods Current floor plans on file with emergency responders Parking locations Routes to school – buses, walkers, bikes, cars Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Terrorism Practice makes permanent Outside deliveries - protocol Lockdown procedures and drills Evacuation (bldg. & site) procedures and drills Practice makes perfect Practice makes permanent Adequate, controlled, planned and practiced response to active suspects Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Terrorism Building Identification Roof (building) and Door Identification Unique building identifiers Ex: (Bldg.) A Individual door numbering & orientation Ex: A (building) - N (north) – D – (door) A-N-1, A-N-2, A-W-1, etc. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

First responding officers MUST go to the threat Terrorism Active Shooters Plan for rapid response with less than idea, adequate preparation or redundancy First responding officers MUST go to the threat Train, train, train Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

National Incident Management System (NIMS) National standardized method of preventing, preparing for, responding to, or recovering from an incident Applies to ALL Federal, State, territorial, tribal, private sector and nongovernmental personnel with responsibility in emergency management operations Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

National Incident Management System (NIMS) Required Courses – All available on-line ICS-100 – An Introduction to ICS – Incident Command System ICS-200 – Basic ICS for Initial Action Incident ICS-700 – An Introduction to NIMS ICS-800 – An Introduction to the National Response Plan (NRP) Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

National Incident Management System (NIMS) To be fully compliant, must also have… ICS – 300 – Introduces Unified Command with exercises ICS – 400 – Advanced Unified Command with exercises http://training.fema.gov/IS/NIMS.asp Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

THANK YOU Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Contact Information Sergeant Steve Garst Little Elm Police Department 100 W. Eldorado Parkway Little Elm, Texas 75068 (972) 377-1885 - Office (469) 853-3846 - Mobile sgarst@littleelm.org – E-mail Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept. Sgt. Steve Garst, L.C.C. – Certified Crime Prevention Specialist Little Elm Police Department