Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules

Organic Compounds Organic = Carbon 4 Valence electrons Molecular structure Covalent bonds

Hydrocarbons Carbon and Hydrogen Carbon skeleton Isomers Nonpolar 2-butene 1-butene

Functional Groups Group participating in reactions Polarity – hydrophilic Hydroxyl – alcohol Carbonyl – aldehyde/ketone Carboxyl – carboxylic acid Amino – amine Phosphate

Macromolecules Monomers → polymers All life from the same building blocks Protein from 20 amino acids DNA from 4 nucleotides Dehydration and hydrolysis

Monosaccharides Glucose and Fructose CH2O Ring Shape Cell fuel Raw material

Disaccharides Maltose Sucrose Glucose-Glucose Seeds Glucose-Fructose Sap Sugar cane, sugar beets

Sweet Taste 5 different taste receptors coat the tongue Sweetness is perceived based on bonding Fructose vs Sucrose Artificial sweeteners

Polysaccharides Storage Structure - Cellulose Starch Glycogen Roots Glucose Glycogen Liver, muscles Structure - Cellulose Chains, H-bonds, fibrils Fiber

Lipids Nonpolar Oil and Fats Energy storage (light weight) Triglyceride Saturated – Unsaturated Hydrogenated Cardiovascular disease

Other Lipids Phospholipids Waxes Steroids Cell membrane Phosphorus + 2 fatty acids Waxes Alcohol + fatty acid Water repellant Steroids 4 carbon rings Cholesterol Hormones Atherosclerosis

Proteins Amino Acids (20) Peptide Bonds Enzymes Antibodies Hydrolysis Carboxyl-Amino Enzymes Antibodies Signal Proteins Hemoglobin

Protein Shape Shape determines function Primary – sequence Secondary Alpha helix Pleated sheet Tertiary Globular Fibrous Quaternary – subunit interactions

Nucleic Acids