Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chemistry and the Elements Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Chemistry and the Elements Elements like #114, Uuq or ununquadium, have placeholder chemical symbols and names. These elements have yet to be officially named. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Elements and the Periodic Table Periods: 7 horizontal rows. Groups: 18 vertical columns. International standard: 1-18 US system: 1A-8A, 1B-8B Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Elements and the Periodic Table Main Groups columns 1A-2A (2 groups) columns 3A-8A (6 groups) Transition Metals: 3B-2B (8 groups, 10 columns). Inner Transition Metals: 14 groups between 3B and 4B. lanthanides actinides Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Elements and the Periodic Table Metals: Left side of the zigzag line in the periodic table (except for hydrogen). Nonmetals: Right side of the zigzag line in the periodic table. Semimetals (metalloids): Tend to lie along the zigzag line in the periodic table. While some semimetals are semiconductors, not all semiconductors are semimetals. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Elements and the Periodic Table Alkali Metals The book has some nice pictures to show for these next four slides. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Elements and the Periodic Table Alkaline Earth Metals Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Elements and the Periodic Table Halogens Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Elements and the Periodic Table Noble Gases Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Some Chemical Properties of the Elements Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Some Chemical Properties of the Elements Intensive Properties: Independent of sample size. temperature melting point Extensive Properties: Dependent on sample size. length volume Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Some Chemical Properties of the Elements Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Some Chemical Properties of the Elements Physical Properties: Characteristics that do not involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup. Chemical Properties: Characteristics that do involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup. Chemical properties and chemical changes are synonymous. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Experimentation and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Experimentation and Measurement Système Internationale d´Unités The US is officially on the metric system but it’s voluntary. All other units are derived from these fundamental units. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 For numbers greater than or equal to 1000 and less than or equal to 0.001 it’s common to use scientific notation. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Measuring Mass Mass: Amount of matter in an object. Matter: Describes anything with a physical presence—anything you can touch, taste, or smell. Weight: Measures the force with which gravity pulls on an object. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Measuring Length Meter 1790: One ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North pole along a meridian running through Paris, France. 1889: Distance between two thin lines on a bar of platinum-iridium alloy stored near Paris, France. 1983: The distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. Alder, Ken; The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World; The Free Press, Simon and Schuster, Inc; 2002. A fascinating account of the original definition of the meter. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 One degree Fahreheit is 100/180 = 5/9 the size of a degree Celsius or a kelvin. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Measuring Temperature Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Measuring Temperature °C + 32 °F 9 °F 5 °C °F = (°F - 32 °F) 5 °C 9 °F °C = The 273.15 offset from Kelvin to Celsius is exact. K = °C + 273.15 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Derived Units: Measuring Volume Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Derived Units: Measuring Volume Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Derived Units: Measuring Density Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Derived Units: Measuring Density Density is temperature-dependent. solids- cm3 liquids- mL gases- L Typical volume units density = volume mass Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Accuracy: How close to the true value a given measurement is. Single measurement: percent error Series of measurements: average Precision: How well a number of independent measurements agree with each other. Characterized by the standard deviation. A relatively low standard deviation means good precision while a relatively high standard deviation means poor precision. Proper equipment calibration can help ensure accuracy while the operator can help ensure precision (for one example). Darts are commonly used for one example. I also like to discuss bowling and how it relates. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Mass of a Tennis Ball good accuracy good precision The assumption is that the analytical balance is properly calibrated. The data only varies in the fourth decimal place. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Mass of a Tennis Ball good accuracy poor precision The data varies in the first decimal place. While the accuracy is reasonable compared to the analytical balance, the precision is not. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Mass of a Tennis Ball poor accuracy poor precision The bathroom scale is not something one would want to use for scientific measurements! It is possible to have good precision and poor accuracy. An instrument calibrated improperly, for example. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Significant figures: The number of meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity. They come from uncertainty in any measurement. Generally the last digit in a reported measurement is uncertain (estimated). Exact numbers and relationships (7 days in a week, 30 students in a class, etc.) effectively have an infinite number of significant figures. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures 1 2 4 3 cm 1.7 cm < length < 1.8 cm length = 1.74 cm Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right): Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant. 4.803 cm 4 SF Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right): Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders). 0.00661 g 3 SF (or 6.61 x 10-3 g) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right): Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders). Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always significant. 55.220 K 5 SF Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right): Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders). Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always significant. Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point may or may not be significant. Use scientific notation in these cases when reporting the results of calculations. 34,200 m ? SF Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Rounding Numbers Math rules for keeping track of significant figures: Multiplication or division: The answer can’t have more significant figures than any of the original numbers. 3 SF 11.70 gal 278 mi = 23.8 mi/gal 4 SF These rules are approximations that work well. A proper analysis would be a more detailed look at error analysis and is often done in a first quarter physical chemistry class for chemistry majors (or something similar). 3 SF Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Rounding Numbers Math rules for keeping track of significant figures: Multiplication or division: The answer can’t have more significant figures than any of the original numbers. Addition or subtraction: The answer can’t have more digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the original numbers. 2 decimal places 5 decimal places 3.18 + 0.01315 3.19 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Rounding Numbers Rules for rounding off numbers: If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers. 5.664 525 = 5.66 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Rounding Numbers Rules for rounding off numbers: If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers. If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left. 5.664 525 = 5.7 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Rounding Numbers Rules for rounding off numbers: If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers. If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left. If the first digit you remove is 5 and there are more nonzero digits following, round up. Books sometimes use different rules for this one. 5.664 525 = 5.665 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Rounding Numbers Rules for rounding off numbers: If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers. If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left. If the first digit you remove is 5 and there are more nonzero digits following, round up. If the digit you remove is a 5 with nothing following, round down. If there were zeros following that last 5, the rule is the same. 5.664 525 = 5.664 52 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another Dimensional analysis: A method that uses a conversion factor to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to an equivalent quantity in a different unit. Conversion factor: States the relationship between two different units. original quantity x conversion factor = equivalent quantity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another Relationship: 1 m = 39.37 in 39.37 in 1 m 1 m 39.37 in Conversion factor: or converts in to m converts m to in Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement 5/7/2018 Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another 69.5 in 39.37 in 1 m x = 1.77 m starting quantity equivalent quantity conversion factor Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.