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National Changes Creating Possibilities of Black Activism 1. The Great Migration a. A move to voting b. (partial) escape from white control 2. Economic transformation Decline of King Cotton, Rise of Southern businesses less dependent on extreme forms of black subjugation 3. Growth of Indigenous resources -the black church/SCLC -black colleges/SNCC 4. Political Opportunities WWII-- The Cold War: Race and the Competition for Hearts and Minds Party Alignments and the Black Vote

Freedom Summer It is December 1964. You are an adviser to SNCC. They ask for your opinion as they evaluate the results of Freedom Summer and consider their next steps. 1. Was Freedom Summer a success? Why or why not? 2. What should be the next steps for the movement? A. Should the white volunteers remain in Mississippi to continue organizing? Should SNCC be an interracial or black organization? B. Should the movement maintain a commitment to nonviolence? C. What issues should be the focus of the movement? (Voting Rights? Electoral Politics? Economic inequality? Integration?) D. How should SNCC relate to other organizations (the NAACP, the national Democratic Party and the Johnson administration, MLK and the SCLC)?

Violence 1,062 people were arrested (out-of-state volunteers and locals) 80 Freedom Summer workers were beaten 37 churches were bombed or burned 30 Black homes or businesses were bombed or burned 4 civil rights workers were killed (one in a head-on collision) 4 people were critically wounded At least 3 Mississippi blacks were murdered because of their support for the Civil Rights Movement (McAdam, Freedom Summer)

Black Power? Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture), Elected SNCC Chair in 1966 succeeding John Lewis Lowndes County Freedom Organization This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!

Federal Action Among its features... Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act 1965 Among its features... *Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations *in private employment *in organizations (such as colleges) that receive federal funds. *authorized the justice dept. to initiate lawsuits against state+ local governments that discriminated. * Voting examiners sent to counties with less than 50% registered or that had used literacy tests. * Prior approval of the justice dept or federal court is needed in order to change an electoral procedures. For example moving to at-large elections. --Impact is revolutionary.... for example from 1960 to 1970 African American voter registration went from 6% to 68% in Mississippi, from 14% to 64% in Alabama, from 34 to 85% in Texas.