HISTORY OF OUR WORLD THE EARLY AGES

CHAPTER 1 Section 1 : Geography and History

Section 1 Key Terms History – written and other recorded events of people. Prehistory – time before writing was invented. Archaeologist – a scientist who examines objects to learn about the human past. Oral Traditions – stories passed down by word of mouth. Geography – the study of Earth’s surface and the processes that shape it.

Ötzi Ötzi (German pronunciation: [ˈœtsi] ( listen); also called the Iceman, the Similaun Man, the Man from Hauslabjoch, the Tyrolean Iceman, Homo tyrolensis, and the Hauslabjoch mummy) is a nickname given to the well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived around 3,300 BCE, more precisely between 3359 and 3105 BCE, with a 66% chance that he died between 3239 and 3105 BCE.[2] The mummy was found in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, hence the nickname "Ötzi", near the Similaun mountain and Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.[3] He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic Europeans. His body and belongings are displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.

He was called the Iceman. Two Hikers found in the Alps mountains of Europe in 1991. His body, clothes, and tools were preserved by the ice. He has 61 tatoos on his body. Scientists still study him today. Possessed a copper ax, finely stitched clothing of animal skins that proves that he is from a society that hunts, cures skins, has advanced sewing, knows how to heat rock to extract copper, and can take that copper to make tools.

Ötzi

What was life like many thousands of years ago? Before and After writing About 5,000 years ago, peoples in Southwest Asia and in Africa developed systems of writing. They kept written records of their experiences, which in turn marked the beginning of history.

Prehistory: Digging Up the Past Since prehistory is before written record scientist must rely on other clues to learn about life in prehistoric times. Archaeologist look for things such as bones, tools, and other objects.

History: A Record in Writing Things Historians rely on to learn about the past. Objects discovered by archaeologists Written records of human life and accomplishments to help us understand a society such as its wars, its religion, and its rulers. What other groups living at the same time wrote about that society.

A Record of the Spoken Word Written records often began as oral traditions. Oral traditions can include a family's history, such as stories of parents, grandparents, and great grandparents. They can also tell stories of heroes or events in the past.

Chapter 1 Section 2 : Prehistory

Section 2 Key Terms Stone Age – a period of time during which early humans made lasting tools and weapons mainly from stone; the earliest known period of human culture. Nomad – a person who has no settled home. Fertile – rich in the substances plants need to grow well; describes soil and land. Domesticate – to adapt wild plants for human use; tame wild animals and breed them for human use.

Stone Age Hunting and Gathering Things used to make tools in the Stone Age Stone Wood Animal bones Stone Age is divided into three periods by archaeologists The Old Stone Age ( Where almost all human history took place.) The Middle Stone Age The New Stone Age

Ancient Art During the Ice age, a time when glaciers covered much of the earth, hunters and gatherers painted animal forms and symbols on cave walls. Charcoal and other materials were used for pigments. Paintings have been found in Africa, Europe and Australia. The paintings are in Alsace, France.

World’s Oldest Cave Art Made by Neanderthals on Spanish cave walls.

Fire was also a very important part of the Stone Age Fire was also a very important part of the Stone Age. Fire allowed our human ancestors to move to areas with colder climates, and ward off dangerous animals. Many of our human ancestors from the Stone Age were nomads. They traveled from place to place to find food. What do you think it would be like if humans had not discovered fire?

The Beginning of Farming Early Farmers About 11,000 years ago people in Southwest Asia discovered that if they planted seeds from wild grasses that new crops of grasses would come up. In most societies women were responsible for gathering plants and seeds. Men usually were the hunters.

Farming Around the World Soil in some areas was very fertile. Because plants also need light and warmth, areas with long springs and summers were good places to farm.

Chapter 1 Section 3 : The Beginnings of Civilizations

Section 3 Key Terms Irrigation – supplying land with water through a network of canals. Surplus – more than is needed. Artisan – a worker that is especially skilled at crafting items by hand. Civilization – a society with cities, a central government, job specialization and social classes. Social Class – a group of people with similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living.

Irrigation The supplying land with water from another place using a network of canals. Building dams and rerouting the water. Irrigation was important in the creation of early communities. Archaeologist Emil Haury standing in an excavated Hohokam canal.

Advantages of a Settled Life Civilization has three things Cities Central Government Specialized jobs Farming was much harder than hunting a gathering. Steady supply of food year-round Food Surplus was stored for another time.

Population Grows Having surplus food affected the size of families. Food surplus would feed many more people. Larger families had more hands to work the farm. Larger families brought rapid population growth. Early villages and towns sprang up in the New Stone Age.

Population Grows With surpluses, people did not have to spend all day producing food. Some people became artisans, a worker who is especially skilled in crafting items by hand, to sell for profit. Examples= baskets, tools, poetry, cloth

Growth of Cities Farming settlements grew into cities. More likely to develop in areas where the soil was rich and sustained large numbers of people with surplus food. Earliest cities grew up along large rivers – Tigris & Euphrates River in Iraq Nile River in Egypt Indus River in India Huang River in China

Earliest Cities Different than villages Larger in size Large public buildings to store surplus grain, for the worship of their gods, places where people could buy and sell goods. Workers had a variety of occupations (jobs) New skills developed new occupations. Governments were formed to keep order in society. Excavators clean and reexamine a part of Çatalhöyük dug by James Mellaart 30 years ago.

First Civilizations Civilization is a society that has cities, a central government run by Official leaders, and workers who specialize in various jobs.

First Civilizations Writing , art, and architecture also characterize a civilization. Bronze Age 6600 BC- Artisans in Europe and Asia learned to melt certain rock at high temperatures would separate the metal copper from the rock. 3000 BC- learned to mix copper with tin to form bronze. The beginning of the Bronze Age Much harder metal making durable long-lasting items Weapons, tools, helmets, shields

Bronze Age

Trade and the Spread of Ideas Traders took valuable items to sell in faraway cities. Pottery, tools, weapons, baskets, cloth, spices Traded for food and goods that people at home wanted. The wheel and axle was invented- carts made it easier to transport goods to market- 3500 BC Trade over water developed. Merchant ships carried goods, people, and ideas from one society to another. New tools and ideas spread far and wide.

Social Classes Develop New trade links brought new prosperity to the cities. Prosperity led to social classes. Social class is a group of people having similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living. The King became the most powerful person. Classes of people were below him Priests- religion officials Nobles – government officials and military officers Artisans, small traders, merchants Common workers such as farmers Last – slaves- owned human beings. Their status or rank was below that of the free people.