From: Propofol Limits Microglial Activation after Experimental Brain Trauma through Inhibition of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Anesthes.

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From: Propofol Limits Microglial Activation after Experimental Brain Trauma through Inhibition of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Anesthes. 2013;119(6):1370-1388. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000020 Figure Legend: Effect of propofol anesthesia on cognitive function and lesion volume after traumatic brain injury (TBI). (A) Spatial learning and memory was assessed using the acquisition phase of the Morris water maze (MWM) test on days 14–17 after injury. Escape latency for propofol- and isoflurane-treated TBI rats, as well as sham-injured animals, were compared. TBI rats caused cognitive impairment in terms of increased latencies to locate the submerged platform. No significant changes were observed in propofol-TBI group compared with isoflurane-TBI group. Analysis was performed by repeated-measures two-way ANOVA between-subjects, followed by Student–Newmwn–Keuls post hoc test. (B) Reference memory was assessed using the MWM probe trial on day 18 after injury. Analysis by one-way ANOVA showed significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed between the two anesthetic-treated injured groups. (C) Retention memory was assessed using the novel object recognition test. Propofol-anesthetized rats showed significantly higher discrimination index (D.I. %). N = 12 for sham, 14 for isoflurane, 15 for propofol, respectively. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 versus sham; ##P < 0.01 versus isoflurane. Statistical analyses were by one-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test. (D) TBI-induced lesion volume was measured by unbiased stereological techniques. Propofol anesthesia (6.14 ± 1.36 mm3, n = 8) resulted in a significant reduction in lesion size after TBI as compared with isoflurane (11.99 ± 1.42 mm3; n = 6; P = 0.0125 vs. propofol, two-tailed unpaired Student t test). Date of download: 10/10/2017 Copyright © 2017 American Society of Anesthesiologists. All rights reserved.