The Treaty of Versailles The peace conference produced 5 treaties for Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The most important, the Treat of Versailles, was the settlement with Germany. The Rhineland Alsace and Lorraine; the Saar Poland German Disarmament and Reparations Signing of the Treaty

The Treaty of Versailles The Rhineland Clemenceau wanted Rhineland separated from Germany in order to create a buffer state along the Franco-German border. Wilson objected. Self-determination. Compromise was permanent demilitarization of the Rhineland with Allied occupation for 15 years.

The Treaty of Versailles Alsace and Lorraine; the Saar Provinces of Alsace and Lorraine restored to France. Coal-rich region of the Saar in western Germany placed under control of the League of Nations for 15 years. Coal product would be the absolute property of the French. Compensation for destruction of French coal mines. Plebiscite after 15 years. 1935, people of the Saar voted to return to German control.

The Treaty of Versailles Poland Newly recreated Poland received a large piece of eastern Germany. THIS IS KEY! Polish Corridor was created to give Poland access to the Baltic Sea. Separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. Port city of Danzig, at head of the Corridor, made a free city. Largely German in population.

The Treaty of Versailles German Disarmament and Reparations Disarmament clauses caused great resentment among Germans. Army restricted to 100,000 men. Navy reduced to status of a coastal defense force. No air force, no tanks, and no subs. Article 231 of the treaty became known as the “war-guilt clause.” Required Germany and its allies to accept responsibility for causing the war. Justification for requiring Germany to pay reparations.

The Treaty of Versailles Signing of the Treaty When drafting of the treaty was completed, a German delegation was summoned to Paris. 6/28/1919, the treaty was signed in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles.

The Mandate System Africa The Pacific The Middle East

The Mandate System Africa Treaty of Versailles deprived Germany of its colonies in Africa and the Pacific. German African colonies assigned to GB, Union of S. Africa, and France as mandates under League of Nations supervision. Mandate system: protect indigenous populations and prepare them for independence. Proved little more than disguised annexation.

The Mandate System The Pacific German islands in the North Pacific went to Japan as mandates. Australia and New Zealand acquired German island colonies in the South Pacific.

The Mandate System The Middle East 8/1920, the Treaty of Sevres deprived Turkey of its Arab lands in the Middle East. France acquired Syria and Lebanon as mandates. GB mandates included Palestine, Transjordan, and Iraq.

The League of Nations Wilson’s most important issue. Peaceful means to resolve international disputes. Configuration: Assembly = reps of all League members. Council = major powers as permanent members. Secretariat = League’s administrative body. Permanent Court of International Justice (“World Court”). US Senate refused to ratify Treaty of Versailles, and thus the U.S. did not join the League of Nations.

Conflict Over Italy’s Claims Italy claimed former Austrian possessions Trentino and Istria with its seaport of Trieste. Istria largely Slovene, Trieste largely Italian. Based on national self-determination, Istria should have been assigned to the new Yugoslavia. Italian claims for territory in Africa and Asia Minor were not fulfilled.

Self-Determination in Eastern Europe Austria and Hungary Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Rumania The Baltic Countries Poland Bulgaria

Self-Determination in Eastern Europe Austria and Hungary Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed. 9/1919, Treaty of Saint-Germain reduced Austria to the status of a small German-Austrian national state. 6/1920, Treaty of Trianon made Hungary a national state for the Magyars.

Self-Determination in Eastern Europe Czechoslovakia New country created entirely from territory taken from Austria and Hungary. Awarded the province of the Sudetenland, previously a part of Austria, but inhabited mainly by German-speaking people. THIS IS KEY!

Self-Determination in Eastern Europe Yugoslavia In the south, Yugoslavia emerged as the national state of the South Slavs. Joining the formerly independent states of Serbia and Montenegro with territory lost by Austria and Hungary. Rumania Treaty of Trianon awarded Rumania the province of Transylvania, which had a large Hungarian minority.

Self-Determination in Eastern Europe The Baltic Countries Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania profited from Russian weakness and won independence. Poland In addition to territory gained from Germany, Poland gained Galicia from Austria. 1920, Poland waged a successful war with Russia, pushing their frontiers eastward. Bulgaria Outlet to the Aegean Sea was awarded to Greece. Also lost territory to Yugoslavia.