Epizootiology of Myxobolus cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Salmonid Whirling Disease in the Rock Creek Drainage of West-Central Montana: 1998-2008 Willard.

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Presentation transcript:

Epizootiology of Myxobolus cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Salmonid Whirling Disease in the Rock Creek Drainage of West-Central Montana: 1998-2008 Willard O. Granath, Jr., Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana-Missoula and E. Richard Vincent, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Bozeman, MT

Life Cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis Fish dies and myxospores are released Parasites migrate through CNS to associated cartilage Myxospores in cartilage of infected fish Life Cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis TAMS attach to the skin of susceptible fish and sporoplasms penetrate Myxospores are ingested by T. tubifex Development and reproduction in intestinal mucosa TAMS released 70-120 days later Polar filaments extruded 1

Myxospores of M. cerebralis

Clinical Signs of Whirling Disease

Susceptible Species of Salmonids Coho salmon Bull trout Atlantic salmon Brown trout Rainbow trout Golden trout Brook trout Danube salmon Sockeye salmon Cutthroat trout Chinook salmon Pink salmon

Scanning Electron Micrograph of T. tubifex

Ball of T. tubifex!!

Triactinomyxons of M. cerebralis

Background 1997- Initial sentinel fish studies by MFWP indicated that M. cerebralis was present in Rock Creek, a blue ribbon trout stream, located 37 Km east of Missoula, Montana. 1998 - Rock Creek was chosen as the site for a long- term, collaborative study, which is attempting to identify parameters affecting the transmission of M. cerebralis within this system.

N 50 Miles Blackfoot River Missoula Clark Fork River Rock Creek Bitterroot River Clark Fork River Rock Creek Hamilton Missoula Blackfoot River N 50 Miles

Field Studies Sentinel cages are used to monitor M. cerebralis infections in trout at various sites throughout Rock Creek. Oligochaete samples are taken at each site to examine: the overall diversity and abundance of oligochaetes the genetic heterogeneity of T. tubifex the percentage of T. tubifex that are infected with M. cerebralis Physical parameters are measured (water temperature, DO, pH, TDS; stream flow); EPA habitat assessment forms are filled out. Nine sites were sampled in 1998, 1999, 20 sites in 2000, 21 sites in 2001, 22 sites in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 13 sites in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008.

Sample locations in the Rock Creek Drainage  8 Miles Stony Cr. East Fork Middle Fork Ross Fork West Fork Upper Willow Cr. Hogback Cr. 4 5 3 7 6 8 9 11 10 12 13 14 -16 18 19 20 23 2 24 22 1 25 17 21 1 Upper Middle Fork 2 Lower Middle Fork 3 Upper East Fork (at bridge) 4 Lower East Fork (Upper Forks Bridge) 5 Ross Fork 6 West Fork 7 Forks Bridge 8 Watson’s Bridge 9 Bohrnsen’s Bridge 10 Gillie’s Bridge 11 Upper Willow Creek 12 Stony Creek 13 Windlass Bridge 14 Upper Puyear Ranch 15 Middle Puyear Ranch 16 Lower Puyear Ranch 17 Hogback Creek 18 Camp Siria) 19 Fish & Game 20 Valley of the Moon 22 Ranch Creek 23 Middle East Fork (Beaver Dam) 24 Clark’s Property 25 Mouth of Hogback Creek

“MacConnell-Baldwin Scale” Scoring Histological Lesions 2 1 5 3 4 Grades 0-5 0 = no infection 1 = minimal 2 = mild 3 = moderate 4 = moderately severe 5 = severe

Average Grade of M. cerebralis Infections in Sentinel Rainbow Trout 19

Average Grade of M. cerebralis Infections in Sentinel Rainbow Trout 20

Prevalence of M. cerebralis Infection in Tubifex tubifex 21

Habitat Assessments of Sample Locations  8 Miles Stony Cr. East Fork Middle Fork Ross Fork West Fork Upper Willow Cr. Hogback Cr. 185 102 178 128 186 184 154 148 182 155 – 200 = Optimal 115 – 154 = Sub-optimal 70 – 114 = Marginal  70 = Poor Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder and J.B. Stribling, 1997. Revision to rapid bioassessment protocols for use in rivers and streams. EPA 841-D-97-002. US EPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC.

BUT WHAT IS IT DOING TO THE FISH POPULATION?

Catchable Rainbow and Brown Trout Density Estimates in the Hogback Section (data from MFWP)

Summary of Field Studies Disease severity in trout: 1997-1998 - Low (<1.0) 1999-2006 - High (>3.0) 2007-2008 - Declining (<3.0) No significant change in prevalence of infection of T. tubifex, but… No dramatic change in water temperature; role of stream flow remains unclear. Highest severity associated with presence of infected T. tubifex; but fish infected where no T. tubifex occur. Higher worm abundance in degraded habitats. Wild rainbow trout population has declined since 1993, but it appears to be rebounding.

Acknowledgments National Partnership on Management of Wild and Native Cold Water Fisheries Former UM graduate students: Mike Gilbert & JoMay Wyatt Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks: Eric Reiland, Jody Hupka & Pat Saffel The many landowners and concerned citizens in the Rock Creek drainage

Average Daily Water Temperature at Sentinel Cage Sites 27

Average Daily Flow (cfs) Average Daily Stream Flow for Rock Creek (USGS site #12334510) During Exposure Periods for 1998-2008 Average Daily Flow (cfs)