AC4.1 – Sociological theories How do the theories Influence crime control And state punishment policies?

Specification sociological AC4.1 Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development Criminological theories   Individualistic biological sociological policy development informal policy making formal policy making crime control policies state punishment policies

Crime control policies – Right Realism PREVENTION STRATEGIES 1. Situational crime prevention Clarke: cost and reward – it should be made more difficult to steal or attack (rather than just harsher punishment). http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00wb5yt Defensible space – design of streets and housing estates – spikes to prevent vagrancy. Target hardening – make something harder for an offender to access LINK TO RELEVANT THEORY?

Crime control policies – Right Realism 2. Environmental Crime Prevention – Crime Prevention through environmental design https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSRCWxGK7tI Broken windows – Wilson and Kelling, this leads to environmental improvement strategies Zero tolerance policing strategy (Right realism). ‘Clean car programme’ in New York LINK TO RELEVANT THEORY?

WHICH CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGY DOES THIS IMAGE REPRESENT AND WHY WHICH CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGY DOES THIS IMAGE REPRESENT AND WHY? – USE EVIDENCE FROM SOCIOLOGISTS

Crime control policies – LEFT Realism 3. Social and community Emphasis on the potential offender and their social context (possible poverty and poor socialisation) Longer term strategies to remove conditions that predisposed people to commit crime e.g. ???? Sure Start centres – How do these centres located in deprived areas help prevent crime? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzGEZ8D1HN0 Multi – agency approaches LINK TO RELEVANT THEORY?

Case study - liverpool https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/3314916/sean-mercer-rhys- jones-killer-little-boy-blue-jailed-hmp-frankland/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVtFjBb0buk&t=474s How could restorative justice be used with these gang members? How are multi-agency approaches used in Liverpool based on the clip? Restorative justice enables victims to meet or communicate with their offender to explain the real impact of the crime. Can build relationships and repair harm by enabling people to communicate effectively  can take the form of victim-offender mediation either through direct contact between the offender and victim or indirect communication involving third parties.

PENAL POPULISM READ - Penal populism is a process whereby the major political parties compete with each other to be "tough on crime". It is generally associated with a public perception that crime is out of control and tends to manifest at general elections when politicians put forward hard-line policies which would remand more offenders into prison prior to sentencing and impose longer sentences. It leads to the pursuit of penal policies designed to win votes rather than reduce crime or promote justice. Research activity – Page 9 of booklet Harsh sentencing?

STATE PUNISHMENT POLICIES - FUNCTIONALISM Functionalists see the CJS as operating to look after the interests of society as a whole: Without control and punishment, society would collapse into a state of anomie, therefore for Durkheim there needs to be shared common values Punishment functions: Uphold social solidarity (sense of togetherness) Collective conscience (shared common values)

STATE PUNISHMENT POLICIES - FUNCTIONALISM Durkheim (Notes in booklet) In less complex societies punishment is often based around retribution - savage (often physical) penalties are imposed upon the wrongdoer in order to demonstrate society’s disgust at the breaking of the commonly shared values. In more complex societies there is a move from public punishment to imprisonment – the aim being to make amends This can be seen in restitutive law where offenders take responsibility for actions by listening to their victims

Modern examples of surveillance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuawvhMKoXk - fake mobile phone towers Panoptic surveillance (few monitoring many) - Foucault CCTV cameras Licence plate readers Mobile phone towers Stingrays