Ch.6 Europe in the Middle Ages 1000-1500

The Crusades In 1071, the Muslim Seljuk Turks defeated a Byzantine army. Byzantine Emperor, Alexius I, called to his fellow Christians in Western Europe for help. The resulting conflicts between Muslim and Christian armies were known as the Crusades.

The Crusades The goal of the Christians was to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims. Pope Urban II responded to the call from the Byzantine Emperor; he promised that Crusaders would go straight to Heaven with their sins forgiven.

The Crusades The First Crusade consisted of mostly French knights. They captured Jerusalem. The Second Crusade was a failure. - In 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under Sultan Saladin. The Third Crusade was led by English, German, and French kings. -Richard I of England (Richard the Lionhearted) negotiated with Saladin to allow Christians access to Jerusalem.

The Crusades The Fourth Crusade became a fight over the Byzantine throne; the crusaders sacked Constantinople and the empire’s size was further contracted. The smaller empire lasted for another 190 years until the Ottoman Turks conquered it in 1453.

Culture Universities of today are a product of the high Middle Ages. Universitas “Corporation” The 1st was Bologna, Italy and the University of Paris In the 1300s many teachers left France and started Oxford in England.

Culture The most highly regarded subject was theology. Scholasticism  a study that included faith and reason They also taught the liberal arts - grammar, art, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy

Culture The official language was Latin However other vernacular was being used by the 12th century

Late Middle Ages 1200s High point of the Middle Ages 1300s Black Death and the Hundred Years War.

The Plague Originated in Mongolia Also known as the Bubonic plague. Spread by rats from the black Sea, to the Island of Sicily. Later spread along trade routes Out 75 million possibly 1/3 to ½ of the population died.

Social and economic Impact Many people saw the plague as a punishment from God Hurt the economy - shortage of labor - abundance of food This led to anti-Semitism- hostility towards Jews. Many Jews fled to Poland

The Decline of the church Power Problems began in the end of the 13 century. Pope Boniface VIII argued with King Philip IV about whether clergy should pay taxes. Philip sent forces to take Boniface, but failed When Boniface died, Philip appointed Clement V as pope Clement V lived in Avignon, France.

The Great Schism Separation of the Church 2 popes (Pope Gregory XI and Pope Urban VI) One lived in France and one Lived in Rome England supported the pope in Rome France supported the French Pope

Cont. John Hus tried to stop corruption in the church but was killed for “heresy” Finally the issue was resolved in the 15th century when an acceptable pope was elected.

The Hundred Years’ War France and England fought for the duchy of Gascony in France. King Edward III of England was the duke of Gascony and a vassal to the French king King Philip VI of France seized the Gascony in 1337 Edward declared war on Philip VI.

Cont. France relied on noble cavalrymen England used cavalry but also used peasant foot soldiers Foot soldiers used pikes, spears and longbows

Political Recovery France, England, and Spain emerged as new monarchies. England was hurt economically and lost much manpower due to the 100 yrs. War underwent the War of Roses until 1485, when Henry Tudor established the Tudor dynasty. Henry VII

Cont. Spain during the Middle Ages Christian rulers in Spain fought to regain their lands from the Muslims Two kingdoms emerged in Spain, Aragon and Castile When Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 Spain was unified

Ferdinand and Isabella were very religious and expelled all Jews and Muslim from Spain creating the “most catholic monarch”