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Section 1: Exploration and Expansion Chapter Introduction Section 1: Exploration and Expansion Section 2: The Atlantic Slave Trade Section 3: Colonial Latin America Visual Summary Chapter Menu

The Atlantic Slave Trade How did European expansion and the slave trade affect the people of Africa? Chapter Intro 2

The BIG Idea Human Rights European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave trade. Section 2-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary colony mercantilism balance of trade subsidies plantations triangular trade Middle Passage Academic Vocabulary transportation primary Section 2-Key Terms

People and Places King Afonso Benin Section 2-Key Terms

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism The slave trade increased as enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas. Section 2

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism (cont.) The nations of Europe created trading empires and established colonies in the Americas and in the East. Colonies were an integral part of mercantilism, an economic theory based on gold and a limited amount of wealth in the world. Bullion – gold and silver Section 2

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism (cont.) Colonies provided raw materials and markets for finished goods. To bring in more gold, nations tried to have a favorable balance of trade and export more goods than they imported. To encourage exports, governments granted subsidies and improved transportation systems. Built roads and canals Section 2

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism (cont.) Slavery had existed since ancient times, and African slaves served as domestic servants in Southwest Asia. The demand for slaves changed dramatically with the discovery of American and with the introduction of sugarcane. Labor was needed to work the plantations where sugarcane was grown. Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s Section 2

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism (cont.) Slaves became an important commodity in the triangular trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. As many as 10 million African slaves may have been brought to the Americas between 1500 and the late 1800s. Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s Section 2

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism (cont.) One reason for the high number of exported slaves was the high mortality rate, especially during the Middle Passage, the journey across the Atlantic Ocean. The slave trade devastated the population of African communities near the coastal regions. Some African rulers, such as King Afonso of the Congo protested but were ignored by African and European slave traders. Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s Section 2

What caused the demand for slaves to increase? A. The Treaty of Tordesillas B. The need to populate the Americas C. The introduction of sugarcane D. To maintain a balance of trade between Africa and Europe A B C D Section 2

Effects of the Slave Trade The slave trade led to depopulation, increased warfare, and devastation for many African states. Section 2

Effects of the Slave Trade (cont.) Effects of the slave trade in Africa: depopulated areas increased warfare loss of the strongest and youngest men and women Section 2

Effects of the Slave Trade (cont.) Benin was transformed from a brilliant society into a brutal, war-ravaged region following the introduction of slavery. The use of enslaved Africans was widely accepted until the Society of Friends (Quakers) began to condemn it in the 1770s. The French abolished slavery in the 1790s; the English abolished slavery in 1807; and slavery continued in the United States until the 1860s. Section 2

B. French Revolutionary Society C. Society of Friends Which group condemned slavery and began an anti-slavery movement in Europe? A. Beninnites B. French Revolutionary Society C. Society of Friends D. European Anti-Slavery Coalition A B C D Section 2

Section 2-End

EARLY EXPLORATION of West Africa, India, and the Americas Motivated by religious zeal, gold, and glory, Europeans began to explore distant lands. The Portuguese sailed east around Africa to India. Spanish ships sailed west to the Americas. Spanish conquistadors seized lands ruled by the Aztec and Inca. Diseases introduced by Spanish explorers killed much of the Native American population. By the late 1600s, the Dutch, French, and English entered the rivalry for new lands and trade. VS 1

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE of Europe, Asia, and the Americas Before the new exploration, the primary market for enslaved Africans had been Southwest Asia. The demand for plantation laborers in the Americas greatly increased slave trade. Enslaved Africans were part of the triangular trade between Europe, Africa and Asia, and the Americas. In Africa, the slave trade led to increased warfare, depopulation, and the deterioration of society. VS 2

COLONIAL EMPIRES of Latin America The Portuguese and Spanish profited from their colonial empires in Latin America. Peninsulares were the top social class, followed by creoles, mestizos and mulattoes, and finally enslaved Africans and Native Americans. Catholic missionaries spread across the Americas to try to Christianize Native Americans. VS 3

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conquistador a Spanish conqueror of the Americas Vocab1

encomienda a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers Vocab2

Columbian Exchange the extensive exchange of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds, especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Vocab3

overseas movement or transport over the sea; land beyond the sea Vocab4

percent a part of a whole divided into 100 parts Vocab5

colony a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control Vocab6

mercantilism a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver Vocab7

balance of trade the difference in value beween what a nation imports and what it exports over time Vocab8

subsidy government payment to encourage or protect a certain economic activity Vocab9

plantation a large agricultural estate Vocab10

triangular trade a pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa and Asia, and the American continents; typically, manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for enslaved persons, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe Vocab11

Middle Passage the journey of enslaved persons from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route Vocab12

transportation means of travel from one place to another Vocab13

primary most important Vocab14

peninsulare a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe Vocab15

creole a person of European descent born in the New World and living there permanently Vocab16

mestizo a person of mixed European and Native American Indian descent Vocab17

mulatto a person of mixed African and European descent Vocab18

mita a labor system that the Spanish administrators in Peru used to draft native people to work in the Spanish landowners’ silver mines Vocab19

labor people with all their abilities and efforts Vocab20

draft to select for some purpose; to conscript Vocab21

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