The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic/Counter Reformation

Henry VIII (England) Description: Devout Catholic (“Defender of the Faith”), but he needed a male heir. 1527, his wife (Catherine) is 42 and will have no more children. Message: Wanted divorce, but against Church law Pope Denied Henry used Parliament

Henry VIII continues… 1529  asks Parliament to end the power of the pope in England 1533  secretly marries Anne Boleyn and Parliament legalizes divorce from Catherine. Contribution: 1534  Act of Supremacy by Parliament makes English king, not the pope, the official head of England’s church. Creates Anglican Church of England. Closed all English monasteries (20% of land) and the crown becomes more wealthy. Anne never gave him a son  married four more times and only one son, Edward.

Legacy of Henry VIII Each of 3 children eventually ruled. Edward VI at age nine, lasted only six years. Mary became known as “Bloody Mary” Then came Elizabeth I. Only legal church was the national church. Attend or pay a fine Contribution: Anglican Church was compromise for both Protestants and Catholics Priests allowed to marry Services in English Rich robes and golden crucifixes

Summary As a result of increased communication (the printing press), the Reformation occurred at the same time as the Renaissance. The Reformation can be described as a revolt by people throughout Europe against the Catholic Church. After the Reformation, religious organizations such as the Protestants, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anglicans formed. These organizations challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church. This challenge from the outside led to reforms within the Catholic church. This movement is known as the Counter-Reformation.

The Catholic/Counter Reformation Ignatius of Loyola (Spain) 1521  injured in war Began to think back on his sins and the life of Jesus Wrote Spiritual Exercises, which laid out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, and study Description: Became the founder of the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits Message: 3 activities Founded superb schools in Europe Convert non-Christians to Catholicism Stop Protestant from spreading

Reforming Popes Two popes took lead in reforming the Church: Paul III and Paul IV Paul III Directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses within the Church. Approved the Jesuit order Used Inquisitions to seek out and punish heresy in papal territory. Contribution: Organized Council of Trent: Church’s interpretation of Bible is final Christians need faith and good works for salvation Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life Indulgences were valid expressions of faith.

Reforming Popes Paul IV Legacy of Reformation Vigorously carried out council's decrees. Created list of Index of Forbidden Books Catholic bishops required to gather up offensive books and burn them in bonfires In Venice alone, 10,000 books burned per day. Legacy of Reformation Protestantism flourished against all odds Religion not a unifying factor in Europe anymore Leads to more powerful monarchs and paves way for modern nation-states. Helped set stage for the modern world.

Review Is the following Catholic or Protestant? Every Christian is a priest who can communicate directly with God. Martin Luther and John Calvin are heretics. People can only get closer to God with the help of clergymen. Leaders of nations in Europe who want to handle religious matters in their own countries should be able to do so. Leaders of the Protestant Reformation are heroes of religious freedom. Only the Bible is free of error and therefore man should depend on the Bible as the way to salvation.

Review Continuing… The Pope is wiser, better, and holier than other Christians. The Reformation threatens to destroy religious unity in Europe. “We should always be disposed to believe that which appears to us to be white is really black, if the hierarchy of the Church so decides.” “The pope is not the head of the church by divine right…The pope must be of the devil. For what is not of God must of necessity be of the devil.”

Who Said What? Whereas the power of conferring indulgences was granted by Christ to the Church…the Sacred Holy synod (meeting) teaches and enjoins (agrees) the use of indulgences is to be retained in the church; it condemns with anathema those who either assert that they are useless, or who deny that there is in the Church the power of granting them. Council of Trent

Who Said What? God foreordained, for his own glory and the display of attributes of mercy and justice, a part of the human race, without any merit of their own, to eternal salvation and the other part, in just punishment of their sin, to eternal damnation. John Calvin

Who Said What? There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of purgatory immediately as the money clinks in the till. Martin Luther

Who Said What? The King “rightfully and justly is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England. Henry VIII

Who Said What? I am bound by the Sacred Scriptures, I have cited…and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will no recant anything…for I do not accept the authority of the Pope or the councils of the church alone, since it is established that they have often erred. Martin Luther

Who Said What? There exists a “priesthood of all believers.” Ignatius of Loyola

Who Said What? No papal bull[order] will prevent me from marrying my beloved and fathering an heir to my throne.” Henry VIII

Who Said What? We shall devote ourselves to God and be as an army to complete special missions for his holiness the Pope (this is not an actual quotation). Ignatius of Loyola

Effects of Reformation Use page 491 to fill-in chart Use page 497 to complete map