Russia and China Day 2 – AP Review

Russia - Sovereignty, Authority, and Power Studied as country in transition from communism to democracy Under USSR was totalitarian regime with command economy Today is an illiberal democracy Future is uncertain: appears to have soft authoritarianism

Russia – Political Institutions 1 of 2 Is a mixed presidential or dual executive President – head of state; appoints the prime minister and cabinet; must be approved by Duma, issue decrees with force of law, can dissolve the Duma (1993 Yeltsin did) Prime Minister – head of government; heads legislature In USSR Russian Revolution created communist system Followed Marxism-Leninism with democratic centralism Positions were on nomenklatura Followed command economy General Secretary part of Politburo, also had a Central Committee, a Secretariat, and the Supreme Soviet Gorbachev did begin glasnost and perestroika

Russia – Political Institutions 2 of 2 Russian Federation Powerful president elected by 2 ballot system Citizens elect representatives to the Duma Have an upper house called a Federation Council 19 members of Supreme Court Is a federal system of government Yeltsin – used shock therapy and rule of an oligarchy until forced to resign; did help pass 1993 Constitution by referendum Putin – has begun to centralize Russia’s political system Governors now appointed Created 7 new superegions Media now mostly state owned Created United Russia Cult of Personality Raised minimum threshold

Russia – Citizens, Society, and the State Largest country in the world: encompasses many ethnicities Single most important cleavage is nationality Citizens still believe in statism but don’t trust government Slavophile vs. Westernizer Russian egalitarianism still exists Under Putin: difficult to get a permit to demonstrate, NGO’s have been banished, media members have vanished, has arrested oligarchs that oppose him

Russia – Political and Economic Change USSR Bolshevik Revolution – 1917: Lenin seizes power from Tsar – called for democratic centralism or vanguard leadership Caused by Russia’s ineffectiveness in Russo-Japan War and WWI 1918 White vs. Red Army – Reds won Russian Republic Second revolution in 1991 – tried to remove Gorbachev Has attempted democratization rapidly Has written constitution but lacks legitimacy Is an emerging market

Russia – Public Policy Stalin – used collectivism and industrialization, began five year plans carried about by Gosplan Khrushchev – began deStalinization; decentralized economic decision making; advocated peaceful coexistence Brezhnev – ended Khruchev’s reforms Gorbachev – glasnost, perestroika, democratization Yeltsin – shock therapy, privatization of state owned industries Putin – has centralized government

China- Sovereignty, Authority, and Power Faced lack of sovereignty with British imperialism – exposed extraterritoriality on the Chinese Today is ruled by a single party, Chinese Communist Party Maintains absolute authority over state institutions – authoritarian

China – Political Institutions 1 of 2 Imperial Dynasties Based on Confucianism Qin Dynasty began foundation of well-organized bureaucracy Centralized imperial bureaucracy Used Mandate of Heaven Nationalists – Republic of China Sun Yat-Sen helped to find Nationalist Party 1919 Chinese students demonstrated – May Fourth Movement 1923 Chiang Kai-shek went to Moscow to study successful revolution – allied with CCP until 1927 that led to civil war Communism Single party rule created by Mao since 1949 Long March defined communist party members Cadres worked on CCP on all levels PLA keep order – represented by central military commission

China – Political Institutions 2 of 2 Today Is unitary system with unicameral legislature Recruit leaders through nomenklatura Communicate through guanxi – old boys network Is a dual executive with a premier and a president CCP organization General secretary Politburo Secretariat Central Committee National Party Congress People’s Republic of China organization Executive: President/VP; Premier, State Council, Central Government ministries Legislative: Standing Committee, National People’s Congress Judicial: Supreme People’s Court

China – Citizens, Society, and the State Fairly homogeneous – 90% Han Chinese but 55 minority groups Muslim Uyghur Tibetans Tiananmen Square Protest – have demanded human rights Press is state owned, CCP monitors internet sites, dissent against public policies is not allowed Used to be supported by iron rice bowl but still use guanxi Falun Gong Mass line

China – Political and Economic Change Mao Led civil war, directed economic transformation with five year plans Deng Allowed some private enterprise, encouraged foreign investment, created special economic zones, allowed joint ventures Today Urban middle class that has problem for party as it attempts to maintain growth Private cars and demand for oil/steel dominate China Globalization is a problem Is a market economy, private enterprise allowed, state economic planning ended Led by Technocrats

China – Public Policy Imperial Dynasties Communism Mandate from Heaven Maoism Hundred Flowers Campaign Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution Gang of Four Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping Theory Four Modernizations TVEs Today – rapid industrialization has created environmental concerns