Susan Ebbers 2005

Gr. form, structure Gr. study of   MORPH OLOGY Gr. form, structure Gr. study of   Morphology is the study of the structure of words as it relates to meaning. It is structural analysis. Morphology may also include the study of word history: etymology.  

} affixes Basic Terms morpheme: smallest unit of meaning in a word Ex: biographers: 4 morphemes: bio-graph-er-s Types of Morphemes: root or combining form: inspector, thermal base word: unlikely prefix: re-, un-, dis- suffix: -able, -ive, -ly derivation-a word formed from an existing word, root, or affix: electric, electricity } affixes Susan Ebbers 2005

ugsome malductive triskaidekaphobia hydronauts Are these real words? What might they mean? ugsome malductive triskaidekaphobia hydronauts

ALL MIXED UP You know this language that we speak, is part German, part Latin, and part Greek --Peter, Paul, and Mary

Anglo-Saxon French Latin Greek Susan Ebbers 2005

Susan Ebbers 2005

Anglo-Saxon: Germanic Indo-European Origins common words: love, child, house, heart (often one syllable) vowel teams: teeth, foot r-controlled: farm, star, storm, shirt wh-what, sh-ship, th-thumb, ch-church, ng-king, nk-thank prepositions, articles, conjunctions: with, to, for, and, the, but… compound words: mankind, blackbird words with silent letters: knee, night, comb, wrinkle, could, thought Susan Ebbers 2005

"Silent letter patterns such as kn-, wr-, -ough, -ould, and -igh are remnants of Anglo-Saxon, in which those "silent" letters were sounded." McCardle & Chhabra, 2004

**The brain needs to be prepared for the transition from Anglo-Saxon to Latinate words for three reasons. Students speak Anglo-Saxon but begin to read and write Latin-based derivatives Spelling patterns change: /sh/ -- ci, ti, si; /f/ -- ph, etc. Structural changes: Latin prefix-root-suffix,Greek combining forms, multisyllabic words with schwa Without this preparation for a change in word structure the brain may be perplexed.

Susan Ebbers 2005

LATIN STRUCTURE Latin words follow a strict structure Prefixes, if used, must be placed before the root and suffixes must follow the root Latin roots (spect, vis, ject, rupt) are unlikely to stand alone as an English word The Latin root usually receives the accent or stress: e ject' port' ability in script' ion at tract' ive

Latin: Some Common Roots trans port able dis rupt ion pre script re tract or inter cept pro ject ile de struct con duct miss al sub vers ive e dict to carry to break to write to pull to take to throw to build to lead to send to turn to speak Susan Ebbers 2005

20 Most Frequent Prefixes in School Texts 1. unable 2. review inedible (impotent, illegal, irresponsible) distrust enlighten (empower) nonsense inside, implant overcome misguided submarine prefix interrupt forewarn derail transfer supersonic semicircle antitrust midterm underfed Susan Ebbers 2005

Prefixes: Meaning and Connotation Often Negative dis-, de- non- sub- in- un- mis- mal- anti, contra a- Somewhat Positive pro- co- bene- super- com- be- en-, em- ad- Susan Ebbers 2005

supportive unsupportive supportively import importer importation portfolio portable portability support supporter supportive unsupportive supportively import importer importation deport deportee deportation port: to carry (L.) transport transporter transportation report reporter Susan Ebbers 2005

Susan Ebbers 2005

GREEK WORD ORIGINS a y for /i/ as in symphony and typhoid a ch for /k/ as in chorus and chaos a ps for /s/ and in pseudonym and psychology a ph for /f/ as in sphere and epitaph the letter x as in xylophone, dyslexia, xenophobe Greek morphemes have no strict structure: graph biography graphic mimeograph

Greek Combining Forms hydro graph geo pyro polis neuro ortho scope photo therm crat psych chron phobe pseud onym crypt helio logy sphere the, theo

Counting in Greek and Latin mono uni di bi du, duo tri tetra quadri penta hexa sept oct nove deca deci cent milli poly multi semi hemi

Developing content-specific, academic vocabulary depends on a basic understanding of Greek and Latin Sixty percent of the words in English texts are of Latin and Greek origin

gram, graph to write, written grammar graph gram grammar school photograph polygraph mimeograph phonograph telegraph paragraph telegram mammogram histogram anagram cryptogram monogram electrocardiogram photographer cartographer geographer cryptographer autobiographer xylographer paleographer biographer graphite grapheme graphologist graphic graphically grammar school grammar books rules of grammar grammatical grammatically ungrammatical ungrammatically grammatology graph grammar gram, graph to write, written Greek gram Susan Ebbers 2005

ANGLO-SAXON, FRENCH, LATIN, and GREEK SO MANY SYNONYMS ANGLO-SAXON, FRENCH, LATIN, and GREEK Anglo-Saxon French Latin or Greek cook sauté concoct holy sacred consecrated kingly royal regal wreck sabotage subvert hearten encourage inspire show cinema theater

ENGLISH: A RICH VOCABULARY SO MANY SHADES OF MEANING “A Positive Emotion” GLAD PLEASED DELIGHTED OVERJOYED HAPPY CAREFREE LIGHTHEARTED MERRY JOYOUS JOYFUL CHEERY CHEERFUL CONTENT BLITHE BLISSFUL SATISFIED BOUYANT BEATIFIC ECSTATIC EUPHORIC EUPEPSIC

Let’s Practice Label Greek, Latin, or Anglo-Saxon Bacteria _____________ Eureka ______________ Biographer _____________ Biology _____________ Transport _____________ Project _____________ Jump ____________ Blood ____________

Form words with these Greek and Latin bases Pyro___________ Penta ______________ Hemi _______________ Photo _______________ Chron _______________ Mono ________________ Logy _________________

Write according to the German-Anglo list. One syllable word: _____________ One compound word: ____________ One silent pattern word: __________ One vowel team word: ____________ One preposition word: ____________

ευχαριστώ /efharisto/ THANK YOU Danke Merci Gratias ευχαριστώ /efharisto/ Susan Ebbers 2005