2.1.1 Factors that shape the changing identity and characteristics of places Case Study - Studentification (Swansea) Cultural Economic Investment - FDI Resources Demographic Migration Planning Political Global forces – interdependence on global economy / globalisation / MNCs (McDonalds) Case Study – Cardiff Bay / London Docklands Case Study – migration (UK, Dubai, EU)

Demographic Characteristics Changing Population – births, deaths and migration. Natural increase – difference between live births and deaths Net migration – difference between the number of people moving into an area and the number of people moving out The population as a SYSTEM – basic model

DTM

Population Pyramids – Population Structure diagrams Show age & sex structure of a population – the shape needs to be interpreted! Females are always right! Males (men and boys – same thing) are always on the left. Dependency Ratio – the old and the young who are dependent on others (‘working’ population who pay taxes to support the ‘dependents’ – children, elderly and ‘others’)

Why is the top ‘flat’? Old dependents Workers pay taxes Young dependents

2.1.2 – Sense of a place London Riots Bethnal Green Regentrification Areas ONB Personal image Media & stats image Urban vs Rural - Migration

2.1.3 – changes over time

Info on economic change in industries

2.1.4 – Economic change & social inequalities Environmental Kuznets curves. Cycle of deprivation

Deprivation – inner cities

Policies Right to buy in England for Housing Association Tennants Affordable Homes Former mining areas - There have been many national policies in response to coalfield decline as well as local, community based initiatives. Government and EU funding has supported environmental improvements, including a clear-up of much of the dereliction caused by mining. British Coal Enterprises and other regeneration agencies have been less successful, however, in creating training, employment and business opportunities. Some jobs have been created, but there has been little growth of small and medium-sized businesses, and even less development in high-tech manufacturing. A wide range of community initiatives have provided alternative types of work and services. Programmes with a high level of contact and involvement of local people have generally been more successful than “top down” initiatives started and led by statutory agencies. CrossRail – link up N&S Enterprise Zones (EZs) / UDCs – Urban Development Corporations (e.g. LDDC)

Case studies – Comparing North with London, Geofile handouts Social Inequality Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. Case studies – Comparing North with London, Geofile handouts

2.1.5 Service industry (Tertiary) Case study – Cardiff city centre redevelopment, Rio (Geofile) Reurbanisation – Gentrification – Islington Changing service economy – Cribbs Causeway, Bristol, Office-parks, Internet shopping, Central entertainment Reurbanisation info

2.1.6 Quaternary Service clusters – Cambridge Science Park Silicon Roundabout Shoreditch & silicon valley, California

2.1.7 – rural rebranding Rural change – counter urbanisation Push factors & effects Chocolate box villages Rebranding of Cornwall Second home owners Blaenau Ffestiniog Rebranding Post productive countryside - Diversification

2.1.8 – rural management and challenges of change The players Issues – on-going / new Cloke’s model URF Digital divide

2.1.9 – Urban rebranding Bristol Docklands London Docklands Cardiff Bay Regeneration Cultural Quarters – Cardiff Bay Actor-network theory

2.1.10 – Urban management and change Challenges faced mind map – 3 newspaper articles (Hartlepool & Wolves) Overheating – Cairo, HS2, Shoreditch protests, Notting Hill Segregation