Chapter 4: Organization at the Tissue Level Tissues are collections of cells that serve a collective purpose Collections of tissues form organs Socrative app – course 701439 ?1. What is your name ? 2. Name 4 types of tissue.

An Introduction to Tissues Structures with discrete structural and functional properties Tissues in combination form organs, such as the heart or liver Organs can be grouped into 11 organ systems ? 3. List the 11 organ systems

4-1 Four Types of Tissue Tissue Are collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited functions Four types of tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Neural tissue

4-1 Four Types of Tissue Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Covers exposed surfaces Lines internal passageways Forms glands Connective Tissue Fills internal spaces Supports other tissues Transports materials Stores energy

4-1 Four Types of Tissue Muscle Tissue Neural Tissue Specialized for contraction Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs Neural Tissue Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Epithelia Glands Layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces Glands Structures that produce secretions

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Characteristics of Epithelia Cellularity (cell junctions) ** Cell membrane features Polarity (apical and basal surfaces) ** think apex (top; peak) and basement (below) Attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina) Avascularity Without blood vessels Regeneration

Figure 4-1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells Cilia Microvilli Apical surface Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondria Basement membrane Basolateral surfaces 8

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Functions of Epithelial Tissue Provide Physical Protection Control Permeability Provide Sensation Produce Specialized Secretions (glandular epithelium)

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Specializations of Epithelial Cells Move fluids over the epithelium (protection) Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability) Produce secretions (protection and messengers)

? 4. What are 4 functions of epithelial cell?

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Intercellular Connections Support and communication CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) Transmembrane proteins Intercellular cement Proteoglycans Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) Glycosaminoglycans

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Intercellular Connections Cell junctions Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material Tight junctions Gap junctions Desmosomes

Figure 4-2 Cell Junctions Interlocking junctional proteins Tight junction Tight junction Adhesion belt Terminal web Spot desmosome Adhesion belt Gap junctions Hemidesmosome Embedded proteins (connexons) Intermediate filaments Clear layer Basement membrane Dense layer Dense area Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Proteoglycans 14

Figure 4-2a Cell Junctions Tight junction Adhesion belt Terminal web Spot desmosome Gap junctions Hemidesmosome This is a diagrammatic view of an epithelial cell, showing the major types of intercellular connections. 15

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Tight Junctions Between two plasma membranes Adhesion belt attaches to terminal web Prevents passage of water and solutes Isolates wastes in the lumen (open space down the center of a tube)

Figure 4-2b Cell Junctions Interlocking junctional proteins Tight junction Terminal web Adhesion belt A tight junction is formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes. Tight junctions prevent the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells. A continuous adhesion belt lies deep to the tight junction. This belt is tied to the microfilaments of the terminal web. 17

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Gap Junctions Allow rapid communication Are held together by channel proteins (junctional proteins, connexons) Allow ions to pass Coordinate contractions in heart muscle

Figure 4-2c Cell Junctions Embedded proteins (connexons) Gap junctions permit the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells. 19

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Desmosomes CAMs, dense areas, and intercellular cement Spot desmosomes (“spot weld”) Tie cells together Allow bending and twisting Hemidesmosomes Attach cells to the basal lamina

Figure 4-2d Cell Junctions Intermediate filaments Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Dense area Proteoglycans A spot desmosome ties adjacent cells together. 21

Figure 4-2e Cell Junctions Clear layer Basement membrane Dense layer Hemidesmosomes attach a cell to extracellular structures, such as the protein fibers in the basement membrane. 22

? 5. What types of intercellular connections are used to ‘glue’ epithelial cells together?

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Attachment to the Basement Membrane Clear layer (lamina lucida) Thin layer Secreted by epithelia Barrier to proteins Dense layer (lamina densa) Thick fibers Produced by connective tissue Strength and filtration

4-2 Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Maintenance and Repair Epithelia are replaced by division of germinative cells (stem cells) Near basement membrane

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Singular = Epithelium; Plural = Epithelia Classes of Epithelia Based on shape Squamous epithelia — thin and flat Cuboidal epithelia — square shaped Columnar epithelia — tall, slender rectangles Based on layers Simple epithelium — single layer of cells Stratified epithelium — several layers of cells

Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia 27

Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia 28

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Squamous Epithelia Simple squamous epithelium Absorption and diffusion Mesothelium Lines body cavities Endothelium Lines heart and blood vessels

Figure 4-3a Squamous Epithelia Simple Squamous Epithelium LOCATIONS: Mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining heart and blood vessels; portions of kidney tubules (thin sections of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea; alveoli of lungs FUNCTIONS: Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion Cytoplasm Nucleus Connective tissue LM  238 Lining of peritoneal cavity 30

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Squamous Epithelia Stratified squamous epithelium Protects against attacks Keratin protein adds strength and water resistance

Figure 4-3b Squamous Epithelia Stratified Squamous Epithelium LOCATIONS: Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina FUNCTIONS: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack Squamous superficial cells Stem cells Basement membrane Connective tissue Surface of tongue LM  310 32

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Cuboidal Epithelia Simple cuboidal epithelium Secretion and absorption Stratified cuboidal epithelia Sweat ducts and mammary ducts

Figure 4-4a Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia Simple Cuboidal Epithelium LOCATIONS: Glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland Connective tissue FUNCTIONS: Limited protection, secretion, absorption Nucleus Cuboidal cells Basement membrane Kidney tubule LM  650 34

Figure 4-4b Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of some ducts (rare) FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, absorption Lumen of duct Stratified cuboidal cells Basement membrane Nuclei Connective tissue Sweat gland duct LM  500 35

? 6. What are the major classifications of epithelial cells? *** pg 116, 117***

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Transitional Epithelium Tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage Appearance changes as stretching occurs Situated in regions of the urinary system (e.g., urinary bladder)

Figure 4-4c Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia Transitional Epithelium LOCATIONS: Urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters FUNCTIONS: Permits expansion and recoil after stretching Epithelium (relaxed) Basement membrane Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Empty bladder LM  400 Epithelium (stretched) Basement membrane LM  400 Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Full bladder LM  400 Urinary bladder 38

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Columnar Epithelia Simple columnar epithelium Absorption and secretion Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Cilia movement Stratified columnar epithelium Protection

Figure 4-5a Columnar Epithelia Simple Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys Microvilli Cytoplasm FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, absorption Nucleus Basement membrane Loose connective tissue Intestinal lining LM  350 40

Figure 4-5b Columnar Epithelia Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; portions of male reproductive tract Cilia Cytoplasm FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia Nuclei Basement membrane Loose connective tissue Trachea LM  350 41

Figure 4-5c Columnar Epithelia Stratified Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra Loose connective tissue Deeper basal cells FUNCTION: Protection Superficial columnar cells Lumen Lumen Cytoplasm Nuclei Basement membrane Salivary gland duct LM  175 42

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Glandular Epithelia Endocrine glands Release hormones Into interstitial fluid No ducts (adrenal glands, ovaries, testes) Exocrine glands Produce secretions Onto epithelial surfaces Through ducts (sweat, salivary, mammary)

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Glandular Epithelia Modes of Secretion Merocrine secretion Apocrine secretion Holocrine secretion

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Merocrine Secretion Produced in Golgi apparatus Released by vesicles (exocytosis) For example, sweat glands Apocrine Secretion Released by shedding cytoplasm For example, mammary glands

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Holocrine Secretion Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells Gland cells replaced by stem cells For example, sebaceous glands

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Glandular Epithelia Types of Secretions Serous glands Watery secretions Mucous glands Secrete mucins Mixed exocrine glands Both serous and mucous

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Glandular Epithelia Gland Structure Unicellular glands Mucous (goblet) cells are the only unicellular exocrine glands Scattered among epithelia For example, in intestinal lining

4-3 Classification of Epithelia Gland Structure Multicellular glands Structure of the duct Simple (undivided) Compound (divided) Shape of secretory portion of the gland Tubular (tube shaped) Alveolar or acinar (blind pockets) Relationship between ducts and glandular areas Branched (several secretory areas sharing one duct)

Figure 4-7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands SIMPLE GLANDS Duct Gland cells SIMPLE TUBULAR SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR Examples: Examples: Examples: • Intestinal glands • Merocrine sweat • Gastric glands glands • Mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum SIMPLE ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) SIMPLE BRANCHED ALVEOLAR Examples: Examples: • Not found in adult; a • Sebaceous (oil) stage in development of simple branched glands glands 50

Figure 4-7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands COMPOUND GLANDS COMPOUND TUBULAR COMPOUND ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) COMPOUND TUBULOALVEOLAR Examples: Examples: Examples: • Mucous glands (in mouth) • Mammary glands • Salivary glands • Bulbo-urethral glands (in • Glands of respiratory male reproductive system) passages • Testes (seminiferous tubules) • Pancreas 51