A single trapped Ra+ Ion to measure Atomic Parity Violation Lorenz Willmann, University of Groningen PSI2013 Workshop Sept. 9-12, 2013 M. Nunez Portela, E.A. Dijck, A. Mohanty, O. Boell, S. Hoekstra, G. Onderwater, S. Schlesser, RGE Timmermans, H.W. Wilschut, K. Jungmann

Weak Interaction in Atoms Interference of EM and Weak Interactions Atomic theory required

Weak Interaction in Atoms Interference of EM and Weak interactions E1PNC = Kr Z3 Qw = Kr Z3 (- N + Z (1-4sin2 θW)) Ra+@TRIµP 3% accuracy: Theory@KVI

increase faster than Z3 (Bouchiat & Bouchiat, 1974) Scaling of the APV increase faster than Z3 (Bouchiat & Bouchiat, 1974) Kr relativistic enhancement factor Z3Kr Ra+ effects larger by: 20 (Ba+) 50 (Cs) Ra+ Enhancement Z3 L.W. Wansbeek et al., Phys. Rev. A 78, 050501 (2008) Ba+ Ca+ Sr+ Atomic Number  5-fold improvement over Cs feasible in 1day Relativistic coupled-cluster (CC) calculation of E1APV in Ra+ E1APV = 46.4(1.4) · 10-11 iea0 (−Qw/N) (3% accuracy) Other results: 45.9 · 10-11 iea0 (−Qw/N) (R. Pal et al., Phys. Rev. A 79, 062505 (2009), Dzuba et al., Phys Rev. A 63, 062101 (2001).)

sin2(θW) = (1 – (MW/MZ)2) + rad. corrections + New Physics Weinberg Angle θW sin2(θW) = (1 – (MW/MZ)2) + rad. corrections + New Physics 5 4 3 Cs ≈ 3 % 5 2 1 Ra+ QW(p) eD-DIS

Physics Beyond the SM Extra Z’ boson in SO(10) GUTs: Additional U(1)’ gauge symmetry Does not affect ordinary Z and W physics Assume no Z-Z’ mixing Londen en Rosner (1986) Marciano en Rosner (1990) Altarelli et al. (1991) Bounds on MZ’ from APV (68% confidence level, ξ= 52°) With current Cs result Mz’> 1.2 TeV/c2 (Wansbeek et al.. PRA (2010)) Range for Ra+ (5-fold improvent) > 6 TeV/c2 From High Energy Experiments Tevatron MZ’> 0.9 TeV/c2 Expected Range LHC MZ’ ~4.5 TeV/c2

Experimental Method Differential Light shift Energy splittings not to scale N. Fortson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2383-2386 (1993)

Towards APV in Ra+ Ra+ production Atomic wavefunctions calculations measure Infer weak charge Calculated from atomic wavefunctions Ra+ production Atomic wavefunctions calculations Laser spectroscopy of Ra+ E1APV measurement: trapping and laser cooling ions single ion detection and spectroscopy localize ions parity violation measurement Thesis: O. O Versolato G. S. Giri L. W. Wansbeek

Sources or fragmentation Radium Isotopes 206Pb + 12C ARa + (218-A) n 206Pb beam 12C target TRImP@KVI TRIμP separator Thermal ionizer ΔN <10 To RFQ (Paul trap) Rate after TI 225Ra Electrochemical extraction from 229Th source (ANL) Long lived 229Th source in an oven (TRIP@KVI) Other Isotopes Online production at accelerator facilities TRIP@KVI ( flux ~ 105/s) ISOLDE , CERN ( flux ~ 109/s) We produced radium isotopes using AGOR cyclotron. Etc. LIFETIME OF THE ISOTOPES PRODUCED Sources or fragmentation 9

Trapped Ra+ Spectroscopy Radiofrequency Quadrupole (RFQ) 7P3/2 7P1/2 708 nm 1079 nm 6D5/2 6D3/2 468 nm 7S1/2 Level Scheme of Ra+

Laser Spectroscopy in Ra+ 6d2D3/2 HFS measurement ̴̴ 3,5 σ Probe of atomic wave functions at the origin Probe of atomic theory & size and shape of the nucleus O. O Versolatao et. al., Phys. Lett. A375 (2011) 3130–3133 G. S. Giri et al. Phys. Rev. A 84, 020503(R) (2011) [10] B.K. Sahoo et al. Phys. Rev. A, 76 (2007) B.K. Sahoo et al. Phys. Rev. A, 79, 052512 (2009)

Atomic wave functions at the origin Probe of S-D E2 matrix element Ra+ measurements Hyperfine Structure: Atomic wave functions at the origin Isotope Shifts: Atomic theory & size and shape of the nucleus We used this system in Fall 2009 to perform measurements and extract hyperfine structures, isotopes shifts and even a lower bound of the lifetime of a meta-stable state in ra+. State lifetime: Probe of S-D E2 matrix element agreement with theory at % level (Safronova, Sahoo Timmermans et al.)

Single Ra+ experiment Ra+ Ba+ Hyperbolic Paul Trap Iso-electrical __ Hyperbolic Paul Trap Iso-electrical proven IBM design large volume RF spectroscopy Optical shelving Towards single Ra+ trapping Localization of ion to fraction of wavelength Ba+

Ba+ Ion Laser Cooling on strong transitions Localisation 5D3/2 5D5/2 650 nm 493 nm 6P1/2 6P3/2 708 nm Ba+ Laser Cooling on strong transitions Localisation Coulomb Crystal Single ion EMCCD camera image Distance between ions about 10µm

Ba+ Ion Shelving to 5D5/2 state Quantum jump spectroscopy Single ion Contrast dark and bright state Lifetime of 5D5/2 state (~35s) In progress (takes time) 6P3/2 6P1/2 650 nm 5D5/2 5D3/2 493 nm 6S1/2 Ba+ Photon counting Bright Dark

Atomic Parity Violation Ra+ Clock Narrow transition, ultra stable lasers Low sensitivity to external fields for some transitions (I=3/2) Major systematics: Quadrupole shift dα/dt relative strength Atomic Parity Violation Laser wavelength 27Al < 10-17 [Itano] 1 [Dzuba, Flambaum] Z small deep uv 199Hg 10-17 [Itano] -400 [Dzuba, Flambaum] atomic theory difficult to treat 213Ra < 10-17 [Sahoo] 400 [Versolato et al.] relativististic effects structure calculable diode lasers

Radium Ion Clock Optical Fiber Link

Summary Access to weak mixing angle at low energies Test of SM Trapping and spectroscopy of several Ra isotopes Hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, lifetimes Single Ion Spectroscopy of Ba+ Towards APV and Ra+ optical clock

Ratio measurement Insensitivity of Ratio of measurements of E1APV for isotopes to atomic structure. V. A. Dzuba, V. V. Flambaum, and I. B. Khriplovich, Z. Phys. D, 1, 243 (1985) Best case scenario: For radium a wide range of isotopes is available

Measurement Cycle

Optical Shelving F=2 7P3/2 F=1 7P1/2 F=1 F=0 708 nm 1079 nm 6D5/2 F=2 6D3/2 F=1 468 nm F=1 7S1/2 F=0 Finding other resonance (62D3/2 -72P3/2 transition) by depletion of signal due to shelving in the 62D5/2 state