Chapter 8 LECTURE OUTLINE The Geography of RELIGION Photo © Jon Malinowski. All rights reserved. Used with permission. Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan Chapter 8 LECTURE OUTLINE The Geography of RELIGION Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Classifying Religions A cultural system of beliefs, traditions, and practices often centered around the worship of a deity or deities Universalizing religions Religions that seek to convert nonbelievers Examples: Christianity, Islam Ethnic religions A religion closely associated with a particular ethnic group Examples: Judaism, Shinto Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

World Religions Figure 8B.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Religions of Indian sub-continent Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clash of Religions Universalizing Denominational African Republic Iraq Nigeria Central African Republic British Isles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hinduism At least 4,000- 5,000 years old Hindu Beliefs Dharma One’s duties or obligations in life Basis of the Varna (caste) system Karma Every action has consequences Can affect your next life Reincarnation A person’s soul goes through cycles of death and rebirth When a living thing dies, the soul passes to another life form Leads to strict vegetarianism The cycle can be broken (moksha), allowing one to reach nirvana (Sanskrit and Hindi: निर्वाण) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hindu Worship Polytheistic Millions of gods and goddesses Vishnu & Shiva have large sects Scripture ≡ Holy book; connection between the divine and the human Hindu Scripture The Vedas Ganesh Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Buddhism Based on the teachings of Buddha (Siddhartha) in the 5th-6th century BCE Siddhartha—name Buddha—title “The Enlightened One” Offshoot of Hinduism Buddhists believe that all living things are reborn, but the cycle can be broken They seek “Enlightenment” as path to nirvana Four Noble Truths Life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire and craving Suffering can be ended Desire can be eliminated through the Eightfold Path Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Judaism Small but influential faith Ethnic religion Believe themselves to be the chosen people of God (a special status that requires stringent behavior) Expelled from what is now Israel by the Romans The Diaspora Jewish Scripture is the Tanakh, including the Torah Jewish Practices Sabbath is Friday night and Saturday Numerous annual holidays—religious calendar Observant Jews are required to keep numerous commands, including a kosher diet Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Christianity Largest religion--over 2 billion adherents Rooted in the Jewish tradition Believe that Jesus Christ is God; both human and divine Jesus—name as human Christ—title as God (Greek for “anointed one”) Denomination ≡ A sub-set or variety of a religion Three largest Christian denominations: Roman Catholic; Protestant; Russian Orthodox Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Islam Younger than Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, or Christianity Began in the 7th century C.E. with the Prophet Muhammad Calendar starts with the Hijra (Arabic: هِجْرَة ‎‎) in 622 C.E. Scripture--the Qur'an Disagreements over succession after Muhammad’s death led to Two major denominations—Sunni-leaders chose successor; Shi’a-successor from Muhammad’s family Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Islamic Practice—Five Pillars of Islam {Judaism and Islam are sister religions} Shahada-Confession of faith. It is, simply, “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is His Prophet.”{analog-Sh’mah, ‘There is only one God’} Salat-Prayer. Muslims are expected to pray five times a day. During prayer, Muslims face in the direction of Mecca, no matter where they are in the world.{analog-Tifeelah, facing Jerusalem} Zakayt-Charity. Muslims, except the poor, are expected to give one-fortieth of their income and possessions to the poor each year.{analog-Tz’dahkah, Jews are expected to give one-tenth of their income} Sawm-Fasting. No food nor drink from dawn to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan and for other purposes. {analog-T’zom, Yom Kippur (25 hours) and other days} Haj-Pilgrimage. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford the journey is expected to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. {analog-Aliya l’Regel, pilgrimage to Jerusalem (not required)} Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Other Significant Religious Groups Chinese folk religions Confucianism Began in the 5th-6th centuries B.C.E. Emphasizes proper relationships in society Taoism Mystical and esoteric Focused on morality, self-restraint, & humility Believe in balance of opposites, symbolized by the Taijitu (Chinese: 太極圖) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Other Significant Religious Groups Animism Oldest religious expression Sees souls in all things (including Gaia, the entire planet) Includes: African Traditional Religion A catch-all term for dozens of traditions Emphasis is on maintaining order in society Sikhism In the Punjab, a region in India/Pakistan Grew from and rejected key ideas of Hinduism and Islam Jainism Developed as a reaction to Hinduism Goal is to eliminate sources of bad karma Does not include the Varna system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Other Significant Religious Groups Baha'i Founded in the 19th century in what is now Iran & Iraq Universalizing. Seeks to unite all the peoples of the world Shinto Ancient, ethnic, religion of Japan Animistic: believe in millions of kami Most Japanese engage in both Shinto and Buddhist religious activities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Landscapes of Religion 1 Unique buildings Churches, mosques, temples, etc. Cemeteries, religious schools, monuments, etc. Some cities are organized around religious buildings Pilgrimage sites. Pilgrimage ≡ A journey to a place of religious importance Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Landscapes of Religion 2 Three Types of Sacred Places: (based on Jackson & Henrie *many places combine multiple features) Historical sites Western Wall (Judaism) Karbala, Iraq (Shi’ite Muslims) Homelands Chaco Canyon (New Mexico was home to Pueblo Indians) Mystico-Religious Sites Places where the religion feels that a deity came into contact with humans Dome of the Rock (Muslims) Bodhi Tree (Buddhists) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Freedom Of Religion Charles Pinckney The South Carolina State Constitution stated that “all persons and religious societies who acknowledge that there is one God, and a future state of rewards and punishments, and that God is publicly to be worshipped, shall be freely tolerated. The Christian Protestant religion shall be deemed, and is hereby constituted and declared to be, the established religion of this State. That all denominations of Christian Protestants in this State…shall enjoy equal religious and civil privileges…..[and that that no person is eligible to the Senate or House of Representatives] unless he be of the Protestant religion.” Charles Pinckney Charles Pinckney of South Carolina was responsible for the "religious test" clause in the United States Constitution that later was used to overturn state constitutions' clauses requiring office holders to swear their belief in a deity. He introduced this clause at the Constitutional Convention. When it was brought to a vote it passed with little opposition and so for the first time in history an official of a national government was not required to have a religion. Pinckney’s religious test clause says: “No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.” Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.