The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West 1750-1914 AP Chapter 23 The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West 1750-1914

The Age of Revolution From the 1770s through to 1848 is known as the Age of Revolution Three forces were working to shatter Europe’s calm by the mid 1800s Cultural change Ongoing commercialization stirred the economy Population revolution

The American Revolution America was protesting newly imposed taxes and trade controls that took place after 1763

Continued America used the Declaration of Independence to declare its reasons for the separation with England

Continued By 1789 America won its freedom and setup a constitutional government based on Enlightenment principles

Crisis in France in 1789 Enlightenment thinkers urged the need to limit the powers of the Catholic Church, the aristocracy and the monarchy Louis XVI wanted to call a meeting of the traditional parliament to consider tax reform but the middle class wanted to turn it into a modern parliament The French proclaim their freedom by writing the Declaration of the Rights of Man

Declaration of the Rights of Man

The French Revolution: Radical and Authoritarian Phases Radicals wanted to press the revolution forward and to set-up firmer authority in the revolution’s defense Radicals abolished the monarchy Radicals guillotined the king

Execution of Louis XVI

Continued Maximilien Robespierre headed the Committee of Public Safety He began the “Cult of the Supreme Being” to replace the Catholic in France He sends thousands to their deaths during the Reign of Terror The Committee finally turns on him when he has George Daunton executed

Robespierre

Committee of Public Safety

George Daunton

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte took control of France after the fall of the Radicals He instituted the Napoleonic Code (laws) He set up secondary schools and universities He attempted to expand France’s borders

Napoleon Bonaparte

A Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary Legacy After the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo the Congress of Vienna met They strived for a balance of power by surrounding France with powerful neighbors Britain will gain new territories Russia will finally step into the European theater The monarchy is placed back on the throne in France and other European countries

Napoleon Before Waterloo After Waterloo

Greek Revolution In 1820 revolts broke out in a nationalist Greek revolution against the Ottomans

Industrialization and the Revolutions of 1848 Displaced traditional artisans led the unrest in many of the industrialized nations The Chartists Movement hoped that a democratic government would regulate new technologies and promote popular education In 1848 the French monarchy was expelled from France for good

The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914 Industrialization caused parents to see children as a source of emotional satisfaction and parental responsibility not as workers contributing to a family economy Health rates began to rise especially after Louis Pasteur’s discovery of germs There was a rise in the number of corporations Peasant protest declined and peasants began sending their children to school

Louis Pasteur

Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations In 1867 Britain’s prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, pushed through Parliament a vote granting the vote to working class men in 1867 Prussia’s Otto von Bismarck extended the vote to all men in 1867

The Men Benjamin Disraeli Otto von Bismarck

Continued The new conservatives also began to use the force of nationalism to win support for the existing social order By 1871, Germany unified as a country under Bismarck’s leadership Italy developed a process called transmismo, in which parliamentary deputies, no matter what platforms they professed, were transformed once in Rome to a single-minded pursuit of political office and support of the status quo

The Social Question and New Government Functions The decline of basic constitutional disputes by the 1870s promoted the fuller development of an industrial-style state in the West a new set of political movements emerged All Western government introduced civil service examinations to test applicants on the basis of talent rather than on connections or birth alone

Continued Schooling expanded, becoming generally compulsory up to age 12 Government also began to introduce wider welfare measures, replacing or supplementing traditional groups such as churches and families

Realignment of the Western World During the 19th Century Constitutional issues were replaced by social issues-what people of the time called the social question-as the key criteria for political partisanship Socialist and feminist movements surged to the political fore, placing liberals and conservatives in a new defensive posture

Continued Early socialist doctrine, from the Enlightenment through 1848, had focused on human perfectibility: set-up a new exemplary communities where work and rewards would be shared, and the evils of capitalism would end Karl Marx’s socialism was tough minded

Karl Marx

Continued Marx’s saw socialism as the final phase of an exorable march of history, which could be studied dispassionately and scientifically Marx believed control was based on the available means of production and who controlled those means Marx believed in a class struggle between the bourgeois and the proletariat in which the propertyless proletariat would overcome

Continued By 1900, powerful feminist movements had arisen Those movements sought various legal and economic gains for women, such as equal access to professions and higher education as well as the right to vote

Feminist

Cultural Transformations Factories could now spew out goods in such quantity that popular consumption had to be encouraged simply to keep pace with production A mass leisure culture began to emerge by the 1880s when the bicycle fad broke A rise in team sports readily expressed the complexities of the late 19th Century leisure revolution

Continued There was a demonstrated growing secularism as religious practices began to decline

Advances in Scientific Knowledge The churches no longer served as centers for the most creative intellectual life Continuing advances in science kept alive the rationalist tradition Universities and other research establishments increasingly applied science to practical affairs, linking science and technology in the popular mind under a general aura of progress

Continued The great advance in theoretical science came in biology with the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin, whose major work was published in 1859 Darwin’s theory believed in survival of the fittest through adaption

Charles Darwin

Albert Einstein

Continued After 1900, Albert Einstein developed the Theory of Relativity through math, which overturned Newton’s simpler view of the universe Toward the end of the 19th Century, Viennese physician Sigmund Freud began to develop his theories of the workings of the human subconscious

Sigmund Freud

New Directions in Artistic Expression A second approach in western culture developed in the 19th Century in which artistic values were emphasized and often gloried the irrational Many painters built the discoveries of science, using knowledge of optics and colors

Romanticism Romanticism held that emotion and impression, not reason and generalization, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature Romantic novelists wanted to move readers to tears, not philosophical debate Poetry did not have rhyme

Continued By 1900, painters and sculptors were becoming increasingly abstract, and musical composers worked with atonal scales that defied long-established conventions

Western Settler Societies Western industrial growth and nationalist rivalry brought an explosion of imperialist expansion in the late 19th Century European nations competed for new colonies as part of their nationalistic rivalry business people sought new chances for profit, and missionaries sought opportunities for conversion

Continued Massive European emigration created Western settler societies overseas in areas where indigenous populations were decimated by disease

Emerging Power of the United States

Continued After the imposition of the Monroe Doctrine American energies were poured into elaboration of the new political system, internal commercial growth and early industrialization, and westward expansion The U.S. acquired the Louisiana Purchase, the acquisition of Texas and the rush to California in order to expand West of the Mississippi

Manifest Destiny

American Civil War The crucial event in the 19th Century was the Civil War The Civil War accelerated American industrialization

American Civil War

European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Like the United States, these new nations looked primarily to Europe for cultural styles and intellectual leadership They followed common Western patterns in such areas as family life, the status of women, and the extension of mass education and culture These new countries were far more dependent on the Europeans, particularly the British, economy more than was the United States

Diplomatic Tensions and World War I

Continued The unification of Germany and its rapid industrial growth profoundly altered the power balance within Europe Imperialist expansion had fed the sense of rivalry between key nation-states

The New Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance Britain, France and Russia formed the Triple Entente Balkan Nationalism threatened Austria and Russia suffered a Revolution in 1905

Diplomacy and Society Around 1914 German officials, fearful of the power of the socialists, wondered whether war would aid national unity Leaders also depended on military buildups for economic purposses