Historical Development of Engineering Management Lecturer : Yılmaz Bayar Reference : Managing Engineering and Technology, Daniel L. Babcock and Lucy C. Morse, Prentice Hall, 2002.

Plan of the Presentation Origins of Engineering Management Impact of Industrial Revolution Development of Scientific Management Development of Administrative Management Development of Behavioral Management Current Contributions 2 2

Origins of Engineering Mgmt – Ancient Civilizations Mesopotamians ~4500 - 2000 B.C. Used canals for irrigation Had management system and job descriptions Hammurabi Law (2023-2081 B.C.) 3 3

Origins of Engineering Mgmt – Ancient Civilizations Egyptians 4000 – 1600 B.C. Built pyramids (2.3 M stone blocks, 2500 tons) 100,000 men x 20~30 years Used managerial principles 4 4

Origins of Engineering Mgmt – Ancient Military Cyrus the Great (Persia) 576-530 B.C. Use of staff Recognized use of order and division of work Alexander the Great (Greek) 336-323 B.C. Distinction between line and staff Used discipline and delegation 5 5

Origins of Engineering Mgmt – Ancient Mass Production Arsenal of Venice (Early 1400s) Manufacturing Numbering of inventory parts Personnel policies Standardization of parts Assembly line 6 6

Industrial Revolution 1750-1800: Important Inventions Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves, 1764 Water Frame, Richard Arkwright, 1771 Spinning Mule, Samuel Crompton, 1779 Power Loom, Edmund Cartwright, 1785 Chlorine Bleach, Claude Louis Berthollet, 1785 Steam Engine, James Watt, 1769 Screw-cutting Lathe, Henry Maudslay, 1797 Interchangeable Manufacture, Eli Whitney, 1798 7 7

Industrial Revolution: Problems of the Factory System Recruiting/Training Workers Explosive Growth in Mill Towns Supervisors, No Background Upper Management, Sons or Relatives 8 8

Industrial Revolution: Development of Eng. Education Apprenticeship, 18th century First Eng. School: 1747 in France  Ecole des Ponts at Chaussees (School of Bridges and Roads) US Military Academy at West Point, 1802 Civil Eng. Program at West Point, 1817 9 9

Industrial Revolution: Development of Eng. Education First Eng. School: Norwich (Connecticut) Univ. (1819) Rensselear Polytechnic Institute (1823), Union College (1845), Harvard, Yale, Michigan (1847) Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862 10 10

Three (3) Philosophies of Management Scientific Management Administrative Management Behavioral Management 11 11

Scientific Management Charles Babbage, Grandfather of Scientific Management. (1792-1871) Invented 1st mechanical calculator “difference engine” Method of observing manufactures (1832) 12 12

Scientific Management Henry Towne: Management Div. (1886) Frederic W. Taylor: Father of Scientific Management. (1856-1915) Time and Motion Studies Believed in selecting, training, teaching, and developing workers 13 13

Scientific Management Frank B. Gilbreth: (1868-1924) Best way of laying bricks Devised a system for classifying hand motions into 17 basic divisions Lillian Moller Gilbreth: (1878-1972) Psychology of Management (Human Factors) First Lady of Management Henry L. Gantt: Gantt Charts 14 14

Scientific Management Replaced old rule of thumb, Believed in selecting, training, teaching and developing workers, Time Study, Standards planning. 15 15

Criticism of Scientific Management Productivity, not quality Separating Planning and execution 16 16

Administrative Management Henri Fayol, Engineer (1841-1925): Developed 14 “general principles of administration” Divided management activities into five divisions (Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordination, Control) Russel Robb: Pioneer of Organizational Theory Lyndall Urwick: Developed a Unified Body of Knowledge 17 17

Administrative Management Max Weber (1864-1920): Major influence in classical organizational theory Division of labor Hierarchy of authority Employment based on expertise Decisions & rules in writing Separation of management & ownership 18 18

Behavioral Management Hawthorne Studies Original intent was find the level of illumination that made the work of female coil winders, relay assemblers, and small parts inspectors more efficient. Conclusion - persons singled out for special attention perform as expected 19 19

Behavioral Management Maslow: Hierarchical theory of human needs Biological / Physiological Needs Security / Safety Needs Social Needs Ego Needs Self-actualization Fulfillment 20 20

Contemporary Management: Issues and Challenges Quality Management: Meeting customers’ requirements Commitment by senior management and all employees Continuous improvement Planning quality into products and processes 21 21

Contemporary Management: Issues and Challenges Quality Management: Teams Employee involvement and empowerment Recognition Benchmarking Certification (ISO) Six sigma 22 22

Contemporary Management: Issues and Challenges Information Technology Computers and Microprocessors Internet Engineering Functions: Design, Manufacturing Business Practice: Supply Chain, e-Business 23 23

Contemporary Management: Issues and Challenges Project Management Complex systems Dynamic Globalization 24 24