Europe after French Revolution

Congress of Vienna

Congress is Called Great Powers- Austria, GB, Prussia, Russia Why? Celebrate, confirm victory over Napoleon and France redraw map of Europe Architect: Metternich

Congress of Vienna

Congress is Called Motives: Settlement lasted 40 years Est. peace Preserve old political structure Not successful in end Settlement lasted 40 years Most decisions made in winter of 1814-1815

The Delegates Prussia- King Frederick William III Russia- Czar Alexander I Austria- Prince Klemens von Metternich (most influential) Dominated Congress

Francis of Austria

Alexander I

Frederick William III

Metternich’s Goals Strengthen countries around France Restore balance of power in Europe Restore royal family in France

The Congress Lasted 9 months Accomplishments Napoleon’s return Buffers Balance of Power Legitimacy

Buffers Encircle France- stop French attempts at expansion Uniting of Kingdom of Netherlands 39 states= German Confederation Switz= recognized independence Sardinia strengthened Prussia buffer against Russia (GB)

Balance of Power Why France not destroyed? Upset balance of power France gave up all lands gained by Napoleon France kept overseas land, army, govt. British overseas trade increased

Legitimacy Rulers driven out by Napoleon restored to power France- Louis XVIII (Bourbon) Hapsburgs back in N. Italy

Problems at Congress Prussia and Russia wanted more land Other said no, upset balance of power France, Prince Tallyrand, and Britain, Lord Castlereagh threaten war German Confederation organized Settlement kept peace: No country too strong No one too unhappy

Lord Castlereagh

Concert of Europe Encouraged by Napoleonic Wars Discuss problems in Europe and ways to avoid problems 1815- Holy Alliance- Monarchs follow Christian principles in ruling Metternich System- Resist threats to established order

Challenges to Metternich System Spirit of revolution grew Spain 1820 army forces liberal constitution on Ferdinand VII 1823 French army comes in to stop rebellion

Challenges cont… Russia Reformers wanted to Westernize and est. new constitution Dec. 1825 Decembrist revolt crushed by Nicholas I

Nicholas I

Challenges cont… France 1814 Louis XVIII issued charter to protect rights gained in revolution (nobles wanted Old Regime back) Middle class wanted King Louis Phillippe Belgium Catholic country ruled by Dutch Protestants 1831 Belgium’s independence recognized

Challenges cont… Poland Poland wanted independence from Russia Czar Nicholas I crushes rebellion

Political Triumph Settlements fair No grudges No seeds for future wars WWI- first major war after Congress

Results Considered Conservative

Restoring Monarchs Kings and princes were restored Metternich’s goal: no more social contracts Put rightful rulers back in place

Britain Constitutional Monarchy Only country where Parliament had more power than monarch Not democracy- Parliament mainly wealthy landowners Tiny fraction elected reps (large property owners)

Eastern Europe Absolutism East more conservative than West Russia, Prussia, Austria- absolute monarchs 1815 Holy Alliance- pact against liberalism Help against revolutionaries or reformers

France Chamber of Deputies (elected)- shared power w/ Louis XVIII Not democratic- 1 in 300 men had right to vote Lower class- still committed to liberal ideas of revolution Overthrow Bourbons (REPUBLIC) Revolutions in 1830, 1848

Others… Spain and Portugal- monarchies restored Balance of power achieved War avoided

New Nationalism of Italy and Greece

Nationalism Greatest loyalty should be to state Force reshaped Europe 1815- only France and Spain were nation-states Modern nationalism born in French Revolution

Greece 1st to win independence from Ottomans Revolts began in 1821 Europeans behind Greeks- education gave them respect for Greeks (Renaissance) Great Powers helped Greeks

Greece 1827 GB, Fr, Russia fleets destroy Ottomans at Battle of Navarino 1830 Treaty gave Greece full independence Success encourages other nationalities to pursue independence Liberal govt. est. (not influence balance of power, not buffer)

Italy Mazzini sparks Italian nationalism Italy divided Young Italy- mid class, under 40 Italy divided Nationalists want unity Austria, Spain, Pope, independent 1805 Napoleon combined separate states into Kingdom of Italy Ruled by France

Italy Nationalism had little mass support Austria was obstacle Cultural differences (N. v. S. Italy) Educated & mid class Austria was obstacle Metternich saw nationalism as threat (arrested Mazzini) Nationalism was liberalism

Germany does not Unite at this Time

Germany 39 different “countries” Loose confederation made at Congress at Vienna 1st step toward unification Diet- all German parliament Powerless- no army to enforce decisions Could NOT make laws w/out total approval (Prussia & Austria)

Germany Liberals and nationalists wanted unity 1815 Austria was most powerful state Germans most dominant national group Political, military leaders

Germany Metternich believed nationalism threatened Austria Could not stop nationalism Pressure against Hapsburgs grows

Romanticism

Romanticism Linked to nationalism Reaction against Enlightenment Against orderly, rational approach Affected politics and the arts

Characteristics Emphasis on emotion & passion Feeling not thinking Emphasis on individualism Heroic rebels Celebration of nature Glorification of past “good ol’ days” Past offered more than future

The Arts… Music Beethoven- turned away from tightly controlled composition Appealed to emotion, heart, soul Chopin, Schubert, Verdi, Tchaikovsky

English Writers Wordsworth- Age & urban living=nature less beautiful, less imagination Lord Byron-Embodied French Revolution Rejects old traditions/push for personal liberty

German Writers Goethe- Faust Romantic but condemned excesses Schlegel- Lucinde Social issues Women more than societal norm

The Arts…(more) Painting- emotion dominates Writers: Hugo- Hunchback of Notre Dame Dumas- The Three Musketeers Mary Shelley- Frankenstein Painting- emotion dominates Mood conveyed Delocroix (Fr) Turner (GB)

Romanticism Fuels nationalism Celebration past glories National groups collect writings about their own groups (Grimm Brothers in Germany) In art, countries were shown as human figures