Smart Starter: 1. How would you organize this Data? Avg. Blood Pressure by Age and Gender 2. Draw out the graph. Must have: Labeled axes (units) Key (if needed) Research Question Detailed Title Butter = 50% Saturated Margarine polyunsaturated but TRANS Fat – the softer the better (tub vs. stick) Liquid fats are better for you – less saturated.

Smart Starter: Geologists often take core samples to tell what type of rock is in the strata or layers under ground. What are some easily observed characteristics of rock (think matter) that they can use to identify the rock?

Chapter 1 – Practice Quiz – Did you get it? ANSWERS 1. a thermometer 2. d 3. volume 4. 8 cm3

Chapter 1 – Practice Quiz – Did you get it? ANSWERS 5. the cube’s mass 6. d

CLASSIFYING ITEMS Why do it? Devise a classification system for the following items: Apple Rose Pear Violet Orange Daisy Lime Gold plum Silver People classify objects for different reasons. Classifying foods into groups, such as grains, vegetables, and fruits helps people plan meals that maintain a healthy diet. Biologists classify organisms into groups that have similar characteristics, which makes the relationships among organisms easier to see. 2. Explain what criteria you used to place items into each category of your classification system.

MATTER A Brief History of Nearly Everything - Bryson

Substance Fixed Uniform Ex. Table Salt, Sugar “PURE SUBSTANCE” Substances can be classified into two categories—elements and compounds.

Element Simplest unit of a substance Can’t be broken down by chemical means An element has a fixed composition because it contains only one type of atom. No two elements contain the same type of atom.

Mixtures containing iodine are used to prevent and treat infections. Elements Aluminum, carbon, and gold are elements that you can see in common objects, such as cans, pencils, and rings. Mixtures containing iodine are used to prevent and treat infections. Gold Aluminum Carbon Iodine

Atom

Compound 2+ elements/substances present Can be broken back down Fixed proportion *The properties of a compound differ from those of the substances from which it is made. A compound always contains two or more elements joined in a fixed proportion. The properties of a compound differ from those of the substances from which it is made. Water is composed of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen and hydrogen are gases at room temperature, but water is a liquid. Hydrogen can fuel a fire, and oxygen can keep a fire burning, but water does not burn or help other substances to burn.

Comic Break

The major difference between an element and a compound is: A. a compound cannot be broken down into simpler substances, but an element can be. B. an element cannot be broken down into simpler substances, but a compound can be C. an element can be separated by chemical means, but a compound can’t be. D. a compound can be separated by chemical means, but an element can’t be. SELECT ALL CORRECT ANSWERS Did you get it?

Mixture The properties of a mixture can vary because the composition of a mixture is not fixed. Mixtures can retain some of the properties of their individual substances. The properties of a mixture are less constant than the properties of a substance. How do mixtures differ from pure substances?

Ex. Cookie dough If you make salsa, a recipe can guide you. You can use exactly the amounts in the recipe, or you can adjust the ingredients to your own taste. Salsa is a mixture. Each batch may be slightly different.

Properties of a Mixture Same as individual substances? Mixtures can retain some of the properties of their individual substances. The properties of a mixture are less constant than the properties of a substance.

Homo & Hetero HOMOGENEOUS Mixtures Homo = Same – evenly distributed think -hot sauce ex. Steel HETEROGENEOUS Mixtures Hetero = different – parts noticeably different think - chunky salsa ex. Sand I SPY WITH MY LITTLE EYE

Did you get it?

Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids 3 types of Mixtures Based on the size of its largest particles…. Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids Properties of the mixture are affected.

These liquids represent three categories of mixtures. Windshield wiper fluid is a solution. Muddy water collected from a swamp is a suspension. Milk is a colloid. Windshield wiper fluid Milk Muddy water collected from a swamp

Solutions When substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture, the mixture that forms is called a solution. Solvent Solute

Suspensions A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time.

Colloids – the in-between A colloid contains some particles that are intermediate in size between the small particles in a solution and the larger particles in a suspension. Like solutions, colloids do not separate into layers. You cannot use a filter to separate the parts of a colloid.

These liquids represent three categories of mixtures. Which is it?. Windshield wiper fluid is a solution. Muddy water collected from a swamp is a suspension. Milk is a colloid. Windshield wiper fluid Milk Muddy water collected from a swamp

SmartStarter How can knowing the physical properties of matter be useful? Answer in full sentences Give at least 3 good ways it can be useful

2.2 Physical Properties Separation Methods Physical Change Physical Properties – observed/measured w/o changing composition Viscosity -Hardness Conductivity -Malleability melting point -boiling point density Separation Methods Filtration Distillation Physical Change

Viscosity Resistance to flow Thick, sticky, slow moving = very viscous Thin, easily flowing = low viscosity Temperature’s effect on LAVA’s viscosity…

Viscosity …Cool Example Oobleck is a suspension of solid (starch) particles in water. Suppose you had a very dilute suspension i.e. lots of water and a little starch. In this case the spacing between the starch grains is large so the grains can flow around without hitting each other, and the suspension just behaves like water. As you increase the amount of starch the spacing between the grains decreases, until at some point the spacing between the grains becomes less than the size of a grain. At this point, when you try apply a large force to suspension the starch grains bump into each other and lock together to form a framework. The water in the suspension now has to flow through the small pores in the starch grain "framework" and this requires a lot of force. Hence you can stand on the suspension for a moment. If the apply a small force the water/starch grains move slowly and this gives time for the starch grains to slide around between each other so they will flow. This is why the chap in the white shirt could run on the oobleck, but when he stood still he gradually sank. These fluids tend to be shear-thickening, as you describe. Their viscosity increases substantially once the fluid velocity increases above a critical value. This tends to make them stiffen in response to impacts, which allows for fun activities such as running across the fluid surface (watchhttp://youtu.be/yHlAcASsf6U and related videos. The Faraday waves are also especially engrossing). Here's how the shear-thickening comes about: Imagine a velocity gradient in the fluid. Then grains in one layer of the fluid will have to "roll over" particles in another layer of the fluid, colliding with each other as they do so. The steeper the velocity gradient, the more the fluid will tend to "dilate" in the direction normal to the gradient. But once the dilation effect gets sufficiently large, the water's surface tension provides a confining force that resists further dilation. This makes it much harder to maintain the velocity gradient and so the viscosity goes way up. (This explanation is based on the discussion in Fall et al 2007). Viscosity …Cool Example Non-newtonian fluid: Oobleck cornstarch

Conductivity

Malleability Malleability is the quality of something that can be shaped into something else without breaking, like the malleability of clay. Malleability — also called plasticity — has to do with whether something can be molded

Hardness

melting point / boiling point

density Can be used to determine if a substance is pure or not…???

Smart Starter:

2.2 Physical Properties Separation Methods Physical Change Physical Properties – observed/measured w/o changing composition Viscosity -Hardness Conductivity -Malleability melting point -boiling point density Separation Methods Filtration Distillation Physical Change

Separation Methods – using physical properties… Filtration Uses particle size… Distillation… Uses boiling points

Distillation - the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling

Physical properties change Physical Change Physical properties change BUT… Substances in the materials (chemical) do not change Ex. State changes = density changes shape/form changes Another example: Shattered glass from heating/cooling…

2.3 Chemical Properties Properties observed when changing = ability to produce a change in composition Chemical Change – composition of the matter changes… forms different molecules/compounds Examples: flammability, reactivity, release of energy (heat, light, noise)

Flammability Does it combust? Burn? – copper/hose Observation! (when oxygen is present)

Reactivity How easily/readily does it combine chemically with other substances Other words:  tendency of substances to undergo chemical change

Precipitates Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution. When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution, the solid formed is called the 'precipitate'.

Chemical Change Lab

SmartStarter

Which of these substances is a compound? SmartStarter Which of these substances is a compound? copper fructose oxygen carbon *Remember that with m/c questions you must write the question, your answer (a ,b, c, or d) and a sentence explaining why.

Which of these substances is a compound? Assessment Questions Which of these substances is a compound? copper water oxygen carbon ANS: B

Assessment Questions Which of these groups of letters could be used as a symbol for an element? HF Cm Car fe

Assessment Questions Which of these groups of letters could be used as a symbol for an element? HF Cm Car fe ANS: B

Which of the following statements does not apply to a compound? Assessment Questions Which of the following statements does not apply to a compound? It is made of two or more elements. It has components that are joined in fixed proportions. It can be separated into components by physical methods. It can be broken down into elements or other compounds.

Which of the following statements does not apply to a compound? Assessment Questions Which of the following statements does not apply to a compound? It is made of two or more elements. It has components that are joined in fixed proportions. It can be separated into components by physical methods. It can be broken down into elements or other compounds. ANS: C

SmartStarter Question How does a compound differ from a mixture? A compound cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Compounds can be separated by physical processes and mixtures cannot. The composition of a mixture cannot vary. A compound is made of two or more elements in fixed proportion.

How does a compound differ from a mixture? Assessment Questions How does a compound differ from a mixture? A compound cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Compounds can be separated by physical processes and mixtures cannot. The composition of a mixture cannot vary. A compound is made of two or more elements in fixed proportion. ANS: D

Which of these materials is a heterogeneous mixture? Assessment Questions Which of these materials is a heterogeneous mixture? air seawater sand steel

Which of these materials is a heterogeneous mixture? Assessment Questions Which of these materials is a heterogeneous mixture? air seawater sand steel ANS: C

Which of the following can be separated with a filter? Assessment Questions Which of the following can be separated with a filter? colloids compounds solutions suspensions

Which of the following can be separated with a filter? Assessment Questions Which of the following can be separated with a filter? colloids compounds solutions suspensions ANS: D

This will be turned in for credit. Do your very best! CHAPTER 2 QUIZ This will be turned in for credit. Do your very best! ANSWERS 1. 2.00 g/mL 2. c 3. heterogeneous mixture: parts are noticeably different; homogeneous mixture: parts are difficult to distinguish 4. B 5 thermometer and ruler 6. False 7. volume mass/density 8. 331.78 K

CORRECTING YOUR PRE-TEST 2 QUIZ CORRECTING YOUR PRE-TEST This will be turned in for credit. This will go in your “Tests/Quizzes” section when you get it back. Do your best! ANSWERS 1. 2.00 g/mL 2. c 3. heterogeneous mixture: parts are noticeably different; homogeneous mixture: parts are difficult to distinguish 4. B 5 thermometer and ruler 6. False 7. volume mass/density 8. 331.78 K

Trade papers – Correct them Hand your paper to someone at a different table (within reach). Use pens please. Grader: write “Graded By:” and your name legibly Turn in to the basket after grading them.

Answers 5 minutes - (grade quietly by yourself) 1. 2.00 g/mL 2. c 3. heterogeneous mixture: parts are noticeably different; homogeneous mixture: parts are difficult to distinguish 4. B 5 thermometer and ruler 6. False 7. volume mass/density 8. 331.78 K

What events in your life have affected your personal level of patriotism?

Today: Social Contract Continue with 2.1 – Characterizing Matter FRI 9/12/15 Due: None Today: Social Contract Continue with 2.1 – Characterizing Matter HW: Observe something related to physical science that you can hypothesis about. -Observations!

HW: Read 2.2 – Fill in the notes guide Due: 2.1 Reading/Qs part 2 Pg. 41-44 Q’s 4-7 Today: 2.1-2.2 Matter HW: Read 2.2 – Fill in the notes guide

Mtg. advisory Tu & Th (9/8&10) Announcements: Science Olympiad Mtg. advisory Tu & Th (9/8&10) Ask me for a pass! Good Things?

Today: Finish Data Display Activity Due: Today: Finish Data Display Activity HW: Read 2.1 – pg. 41-44 Q’s 4-7

Today: Finish Graphing Matter (Ch. 2) – guided notes TH 9/10/15 Due: 2.1 Reading/Qs part 2 Pg. 41-44 Q’s 4-7 Today: Finish Graphing Matter (Ch. 2) – guided notes HW: Gizmo Assignment?