Politics in States and Communities (15 Ed.) Thomas Dye and Susan MacManus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Politics and Civil Rights Chapter 15 Politics and Civil Rights © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives Evaluate the extent to which city government policies have changed as a result of minority incorporation into the political system. Trace the legal status of segregation from the Civil War through Brown v. Board of Education. Categorize the states according to their response to the Supreme Court’s mandate to desegregate public schools, describe the resistance to desegregation in the South, and discuss the response of the federal government in desegregation. Demonstrate how de facto segregation results in racial imbalance in public schools, discuss efforts to address this imbalance through bussing, and evaluate whether and under what circumstances such efforts are worthwhile. Explain why the Civil Rights Act and fair housing laws were necessary for ensuring the civil rights of African Americans and other minorities. Describe how affirmative action programs are designed to increase the equality of results in the United States; outline the Supreme Court decisions related to affirmative action; explain why some are opposed to affirmative action; and discuss the efforts they have pursued to end the practice. Describe the size of the Hispanic population in the United States; and outline the characteristics of Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans. Trace the political mobilization and voter turnout of Hispanics, and describe their partisanship and ideology. Trace the history of the legal relationships between the United States and Indian nations, and describe the current status and governments of Indian nations. Describe the extent to which the American population is disabled, and describe the protections afforded to Americans with disabilities through the Americans with Disabilities Act. Describe the prohibitions against age discrimination afforded to Americans. Describe the prohibitions against gender discrimination that are codified in federal law and Supreme Court decisions, describe the earnings gap between men and women, and evaluate whether comparable worth should be instituted to narrow this gap. Compare “pro-life” and “pro-choice” attitudes about abortion, trace abortion restrictions imposed by the states at various times, and discuss the Supreme Court decisions related to abortion. Trace the expansion of gay rights from the Stonewall riots through the Supreme Court’s recent decision about the Defense of Marriage Act, and list various gay rights issue areas that are covered by state laws. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

From Protest to Power African Americans and Hispanics have made huge progress in recent years. These two minorities were almost excluded from city politics before the 1960s. Policy consequences of minority representation: Black elected officials take unemployment and poverty issues more seriously than whites of the same cities. They are also likely to add more racial relations and race-related distribution to city jobs and services. Political participation will increase among the black population. Election of black mayors reduces fears among whites about consequences of electing blacks. Reduction of racial polarization in voting © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Struggle Against Segregation “Separate but equal”: The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that held segregated facilities lawful; reversed in 1954 NAACP: The largest African American civil rights organization, played a prominent role in reversing “separate but equal” Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka: The 1954 Supreme Court decision that held “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional; huge symbolic importance © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

State Resistance to Desegregation Segregation in the states: In 1954, 17 states and D.C. required segregation in public schools; 4 others made it a local option Resistance: Using various schemes, resistance to school integration was the policy of the 11 states of the Old Confederacy Federal funds: Civil Rights Act of 1964 threatened loss of federal funds to states that refused to desegregate Unitary schools: In 1969, Supreme Court said every school district was obligated to end dual school systems “at once” and “now and hereafter” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Segregation Laws in the United States in 1954 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Racial Balancing in Schools Racial Balance Federal Court Supervision Cross-District Busing When Is Desegregation Complete? When Is Racial Balancing Constitutional? Continuing Racial Separation and “White Flight” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Fair Housing: Anti-discrimination in the sale and rental of housing to minorities Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed both houses of Congress by better than a two-thirds favorable vote; it won the support of both Republican and Democratic members of Congress © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Affirmative Action Battles Continuing Inequalities Policy Choices Constitutional Issues – The Bakke Case Affirmative Action as a Remedy for Past Discrimination Cases Questioning Affirmative Action Affirmative Action and “Strict Scrutiny” Ending Racial Preferences by Initiative and Referenda © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Minority Life Chances © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hispanics in America Hispanics are now the nation’s largest minority, at 16.3 percent of the population. Mexican Americans: Have won governorships and election to Congress, but political power still less than population percentage Puerto Ricans: Are citizens, though the commonwealth island has no voting member of Congress Cuban Americans: Tend to be better educated and higher paid than other Hispanic subgroups © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Minorities in America © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hispanic Politics Political mobilization: Organizing of farm workers in 1960s led to increased political activity throughout the Southwest Voter turnout: Made up 10 percent of the electorate in 2012, but still lower than percentage of general population Partisanship: Generally favor Democratic Party, though Cuban Americans more Republican Ideology: Generally conservative on social issues like abortion, liberal on economic issues like national health insurance © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Native Americans and Tribal Government The Trail of Broken Treaties Indian Wars Federal Policy Reversals Native Americans Today Tribal Government Tribes versus States © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Native American Reservations and Trust Land © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Americans with Disabilities Some 57 million Americans, 19 percent of population, have some kind of disability. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Requires “reasonable accommodations” that do not involve “undue hardship” Mental and learning disabilities: Act protects the rights of people with psychiatric disabilities, not just physical ones Lawsuits: Act has led to a flood of lawsuits against private businesses as well as state and local governments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Age Discrimination Age discrimination was first addressed in the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967. The ADEA and its amendments forbid age discrimination against people who are 40 or older. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gender Equality Employment Gender Classifications Education The Earnings Gap Comparable Worth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Battles Over Abortion Early State Laws Roe v. Wade Reactions in the States Abortions in the States Declining; Use of Contraception Rising Abortion Restrictions Reaffirming Roe v. Wade “Partial-Birth” Abortions Abortion Battles in the States © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Restrictiveness of State Abortion Laws © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Politics and Sexual Orientation Privacy Rights “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Same-Sex Marriage Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) AIDS State Laws The Politics of Sexual Orientation

Generation Gap: Changing Attitudes toward Same-Sex Marriage

On the Web www.naacp.org National Association for the Advancement of Colored People www.now.org National Organization for Women www.aclu.org American Civil Liberties Union