The main classes of inorganic compounds Основные классы неорганических соединений

Classification of inorganic substances Bases Oxides Acids Salts Genetically relationship of classes Классификация неорганических веществ Основания Оксиды Кислоты Соли Генетически взаимосвязи классов

Bases - complex substances, in which atoms of metals bonded with one or several hydroxyls groups (according to electrolytic dissociation theory bases - complex substances, which under the dissociating in water solution are formed metal cations (or NH4+) and hydroxide anions OH-).

Classification Классификация Soluble in water (alkalis) and insoluble. Amphoteric bases show also properties of weak acids. Растворимые в воде (щелочи) и нерастворимые. Амфотерные основания также могут проявлять свойства слабых кислот.

Preparation Получение 1. Reactions of active metals (alkaline and alkaline earth metals) with water 2Na + 2H2O →→ 2NaOH + H2 Ca + 2H2O =Ca(OH)2 + H2 2.Interaction oxides of active metals with water BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2 3.Electrolysis water solutions of salts 2NaCl + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

Chemical properties Alkalis Insolublebases 1. Actiontoindicators litmus - blue methylorange - yellow phenolphthalein - crimson –– 2.      Interaction with acidoxides 2KOH + CO2 = K2CO3 + H2O KOH + CO2 = KHCO3 3.      Interaction with acids (reaction of neutralization) NaOH + HNO3= NaNO3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl = CuCl2 + 2H2O 4.      Reaction of exchange with salts Ba(OH)2 + K2SO4 = 2KOH + BaSO4↓ 3KOH + Fe(NO3)3 = Fe(OH)3↓+ 3KNO3 5.      Thermal decomposition                 t° Cu(OH)2 =CuO + H2O

Oxides - complex substances, consisting from two elements, one of which oxygen. Non-salts forming (CO, N2O, NO)   Salts forming Basic- it is a metal oxides in which metals display low oxidation number +1, +2 Na2O; MgO; CuO Amphoteric (for metals with oxidation number +3, +4). As a hydrates it corresponding amphoteric hydroxide ZnO; Al2O3; Cr2O3; SnO2 Acid- it is oxide of nonmetals and metals with oxidation number from +5 to +7. SO2; SO3; P2O5; Mn2O7; CrO3

Preparation 1. Interaction of simple and complex substances with oxygen: 2Mg + O2 = 2MgO 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5 S + O2 = SO2 2CO + O2 = 2CO2 2CuS + 3O2 = 2CuO + 2SO2 CH4 + 2O2= CO2 + 2H2O  cat. 4NH3  + 5O2=4NO + 6H2O2.  2. Decomposition some substances containing oxygen (bases, acids, salts) under the heating:   Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O      (CuOH)2CO3 = 2CuO + CO2 + H2O    2Pb(NO3)2 = 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2      2HMnO4 = Mn2O7 + H2O 

1. Interaction with water Base formed: Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH Basic oxides Acid oxides 1.      Interaction with water Base formed: Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 Acid formed: SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4 2.      Interaction with acid or base On reactions with acid salt and water are formed                           t° MgO + H2SO4= MgSO4 + H2O                        t° CuO + 2HCl = CuCl2 + H2O On reactions with base salt and water are formed   CO2 + Ba(OH)2 = BaCO3 + H2O SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O 3. Amphoteric oxides interact with acids as basic: ZnO + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2O with bases as acid: ZnO + 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + H2O (ZnO + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2[Zn(OH)4]) 4.      Interaction of basic and acid oxide with each other leads to salt formation Na2O + CO2= Na2CO3 5.      Reduction up to simple substances: 3CuO + 2NH3 = 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O P2O5 + 5C = 2P + 5CO

Acids - complex substances, consisting from hydrogen atoms and acid radical (according to electrolytic dissociation theory: acids - electrolytes, which under the dissociating form only H+ in the capacity of cations).

Oxygenless:   Salts name: HCl - hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric) monobasic chloride HBr - hydrogen bromide bromide HI - hydrogeniodide Iodide HF - hydrogen fluorine (hydrofluoric) fluoride H2S - hydrogensulphide bibasic sulphide Containing oxygen: HNO3– nitric nitrate H2SO3 – sulphurous sulphite H2SO4 – sulphuric sulphate H2CO3 – carbonic carbonate H2SiO3 – silicon silicate H3PO4 – ortophosphoric tribasic ortophosphate

Preparation 1. Interaction of acid oxides with water (for oxoacids):   SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4  2.      Interaction of hydrogen with non-metals and following dissolution product in water (for oxygenless acids). H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl H2 + S = H2S  3.      Reactions of exchange between salt and acid   Ba(NO3)2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4↓ + 2HNO3   including displacement weak, flying or slightly soluble acid from its salts by means of more strong acids. Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = H2SiO3↓+ 2NaCl

Chemical properties 1. Action to indicators. litmus - red   litmus - red methylorange – pink 2.      Interaction with bases (reaction of neutralisation)   H2SO4 + 2KOH = K2SO4 + 2H2O 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 = Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O 3.      Interaction with basic oxides.      CuO + 2HNO3=Cu(NO3)2 + H2O  4.      Interaction with metals.   Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2 (metals standing in the electrochemical series before hydrogen, acid-oxidizers). 5.      Interaction with salts (reactions of exchange) at which stands out gas or formed residual. H2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ +2HCl 2HCl + K2CO3 = 2KCl + H2O + CO2

Salts - complex substances, which consist from atoms of metal and acid residuals. This the most multiple class of inorganic compounds. Salts Medium Acid Basic Double Mixed Complex

Medium salts. In the time of dissociation give only metal cations (or NH4+) and anions of acid radical. Products of full substitution hydrogen atoms of acids to atoms of metals:   Na2SO4= 2Na+ +SO42- CaCl2=Ca2+ + 2Cl- Acid salts. In the time of dissociation give only metal cations (or NH4+), hydrogen anions and anions of acid radical. Products of incomplete substitution hydrogen atoms of multibasic acid to atoms of metal: NaHCO3= Na+ + HCO3-= Na+ + H+ + CO32- Basic salts. In the time of dissociation give only metal cations, hydroxyl anions and anions of acid radical. Products of incomplete substitution OH groups, corresponding bases to acid radicals: Zn(OH)Cl= [Zn(OH)]+ + Cl-=Zn2+ + OH- + Cl-

Double salts. In the time of dissociation gives two cations and one anion:   KAl(SO4)2 = K+ + Al3+ + 2SO42- Mixed salts. Formed by means of one cation and two anions: CaOCl2 = Ca2+ + Cl- + OCl- Complex salts. Contain complex cations and anions: [Ag(NH3)2]Br = [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Br - Na[Ag(CN)2] = Na+ + [Ag(CN)2]-

Medium salts   Preparation 1)     Metal with non-metal: 2Na + Cl2= 2NaCl 2)     Metal with acid: Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 3)     Metal with solution of salt of less active metal: Fe + CuSO4= FeSO4 + Cu 4)     Basic oxide with the acid oxide: MgO + CO2= MgCO3

5)     Basic oxide with acid: CuO + H2SO4=CuSO4 + H2O  6)     Bases with acid oxide: Ba(OH)2 + CO2= BaCO3↓ + H2O 7)     Bases with acid: Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O 8)     Salts with the acid: MgCO3 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2O + CO2 BaCl2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4 ↓ + 2HCl 9)     Bases solution with salt solution: Ba(OH)2 + Na2SO4= 2NaOH + BaSO4↓ 10) Solutions of two salts: 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6NaCl

Chemical properties   1.      Thermal decomposition CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 2Cu(NO3)2 = 2CuO + 4NO2+ O2 NH4Cl = NH3 + HCl 2.      Hydrolysis Al2S3 + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 ↓ + 3H2S 3.      Exchange reactions with acids, bases and other salts AgNO3 + HCl = AgCl↓ + HNO3 4.      Oxidation-reduction reactions, stipulated by properties of cation or anion 2KMnO4 + 16HCl = 2MnCl2 + 2KCl + 5Cl2 + 8H2O

Acid salts   Preparation 1.      Interaction of acid with the deficit of basis. KOH + H2SO4= KHSO4 + H2O 2.      Interaction of bases with plenty acid oxides. Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 = Ca(HCO3)2 3.      Interaction of medium salts with acid. Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 = 3Ca(H2PO4)2 Chemical properties 1.      Thermal decomposition with medium salts formation. Ca(HCO3)2= CaCO3↓ + CO2 + H2O 2.      Interaction with the alkali. Reception of medium salts. Ba(HCO3)2 + Ba(OH)2 = 2BaCO3↓ + 2H2O

Basic salts   Preparation 1.      Hydrolysis of salts, formed by weak base and strong acid. ZnCl2 + H2O = [Zn(OH)]Cl + HCl 2.      Addition (by drops) a small quantities of alkalis to solutions of medium salts of metals. AlCl3 + 2NaOH = [Al(OH)2]Cl + 2NaCl 3.      Interaction of weak acids salts with medium salts. 2MgCl2 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O = [Mg(OH)]2CO3 + CO2 + 4NaCl Chemical properties 1.      Thermal decomposition. [Cu(OH)]2CO3= 2CuO + CO2 + H2O 2.      Interaction with the acid: formation of medium salts. Sn(OH)Cl + HCl = SnCl2 + H2O

Genetic relationship between different classes of compounds   1.      metal; non-metal – salt 2.      basic oxide; acid oxide – salt 3.      basic; acid – salt 4.      metal – basic oxide 5.      non-metal – acid oxide 6.      basic oxide – bases 7.      acid oxide – acid