March 16, 2017 2. Presidential Doctrines 1. CNN Student News 2. Presidential Doctrines 3. Vocab. Quiz Monday, March 20 5. Foreign Policy Quiz Friday, March 24 Students will be able to describe how the US interacts with other countries in relation to foreign policy.

Presidential Doctrines Review From Monroe to Obama

American Foreign Policy The basic purpose of American foreign policy has always been to protect the security of the United States What are some ways the US has protected its security?

From its beginning, and for 150 years, American foreign policy was focused on a policy of isolationism. It was more of a statement of our desire for noninvolvement outside the Western Hemisphere than a description of the US policy within our own hemisphere .

The Monroe Doctrine What was it? Why was it issued? Issued by James Madison (1823) Written by Secretary of State, JQA Why was it issued? Fear that Europe would recolonize newly created nations What were the provisions? Europe stays out of Western Hemisphere US stays out of European affairs

The Truman Doctrine What was it? Why was it issued? Issued in 1947 as part of the Containment strategy Domino Theory- if one nation falls to communism other nations will also fall Why was it issued? US was fearful of Turkey and Greece becoming susceptible to communism and/or Soviet influence What were the provisions? $400 million in aid to countries (Greece and Turkey) that were resisting communism Impact? Helped set the stage for US foreign policy during the Cold War

The Eisenhower Doctrine What was it? Issued by Eisenhower in 1957 to stop communism in the Middle East Why was it issued? Fear that Communism could progress to Middle East countries (oil) What were the provisions? President could provide military and economic aid to nations resisting communism

The Nixon Doctrine What was it? Why was it issued? Issued by Nixon in 1969 based on US’ experience in Vietnam Focused on containment in Asia Why was it issued? To introduce a new twist on Containment What were the provisions? US would aid allies in resisting communism Increase in economic and diplomatic ways of containing, rather than troops

Policy of Containment What was it? Why was it issued? The belief that if communism could be kept within its existing boundaries, it would collapse under the weight of its internal weaknesses Why was it issued? It was part of a broader American plan for dealing with the Soviet Union What were the provisions? Berlin Blockade Cuban Missile Crisis Korean War Vietnam War Impact? Vietnam War cost the US $165 billion and 58,000 American lives

De`tente “a relaxation of tensions,” the policy included a purposeful attempt to improve relations with the Soviet Union. (lasted until 1979 when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan)

The Reagan Doctrine Tear down this wall!” What was it? Issued by Reagan in the early 1980s to “roll back” communism in the world (Latin America) Why was it issued? As with previous doctrines, to limit expansion of communism What were the provisions? US would provide direct and covert aid to anti-communist forces Example: Nicaragua NOVEMBER 9, 1989 “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall!”

The Bush Doctrine A willingness to unilaterally pursue U.S. military interests “To forestall or prevent such hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act preemptively in exercising our inherent right of self-defense.” "Make no distinction between terrorists and the nations that harbor them--and hold both to account." "Take the fight to the enemy overseas before they can attack us again here at home." "Confront threats before they fully materialize." "Advance liberty and hope as an alternative to the enemy's ideology of repression and fear."

March 20, 2017

Warm up

Obama’s War

The Obama Doctrine “The United States will use military force, unilaterally if necessary, when our core interests demand it, but for indirect threats or humanitarian crises, we must mobilize partners to take collective action” Emphasizes negotiation and collaboration rather than confrontation and unilateralism in international affairs.

Quick Recap All had specific areas of the world they were concerned with: Monroe: Latin America Truman: Europe (Turkey and Greece) Eisenhower: Middle East Nixon: Asia Reagan: Latin America Bush and Obama: Middle East and Southwest Asia All doctrines from Truman to Reagan dealt with containing communism. Bush and Obama dealt with responding to terrorism.

March 22

Controlling Foreign Policy

Both the President and Congress have a role in foreign policy.

President vs Congress President Congress Declare war Approve Treaties Confirm appointments for Ambassadors Cut or increase foreign aid Conduct investigations into particular foreign policy concerns (Benghazi) Use the “power of the purse” to rein in the President’s military ambitions Oversight of executive actions Negotiates Treaties Appoints Ambassadors Commander in Chief of the armed forces Executive Agreements with foreign countries Impose economic sanctions on foreign entities Execute immigration laws Send troops in for a limited amount of time

What executive department handles foreign policy What executive department handles foreign policy? Who is the head of that department? State Department Secretary of State When do you think the President has the most influence on foreign policy making? When there is a crisis

How is Trump using his power to execute immigration laws as a foreign policy tool?

Mass Media and Foreign Policy Plays a role in setting foreign policy agenda for the country Shapes public opinion through films, tv, and other forms of entertainment Investigating the implementation of U.S. Foreign Policy

Examples Coverage of Vietnam War is credited with bringing about the public opinion shift in favor of withdrawal Recalling the coverage over Vietnam the Defense Department restricted how the press could cover the Gulf War Images of starvation in Somalia and graphic reports of ethnic cleansing during the civil war in Bosnia built support for American intervention in both of these countries

Foreign Policy Tools Diplomacy Economic Aid Sanctions Trade Policies Military Aid Deterrence

Diplomacy The act of dealing with other nations, usually through negotiation and discussion. Diplomacy involves meetings between political leaders, sending diplomatic messages, and making public statements about the relationship between countries. The American president, for example, often hosts leaders and chief diplomats of other nations at the White House in order to discuss a variety of issues.

Approaches to Diplomacy States generally pursue diplomacy in one of three ways: Unilaterally: The states acts alone, without the assistance or consent of any other state. Bilaterally: The state works in conjunction with another state. Multilaterally: The state works in conjunction with several other states.

Economic Aid States donate or loan money to other countries to boost economic development.

Militarily Aid States donate, sell, or trade military equipment and technology to affect the military balance of power in certain key regions of the world In some cases, states use military force or the threat of military force to achieve their foreign policy objectives. The use of military forces often involves stronger states pressuring weaker states to get what they want.

Deterrence Refers to the build up of military force as a threat to warn another state not to pursue a particular course of action. Example: Throughout the Cold War, the United States relied on the strength of its nuclear and conventional weapons to deter the Soviet Union from invading western Europe.

Supranational Organizations A type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states. How many supranational organizations can you name?

Supranational Organizations EU NATO WTO UN IMF NAFTA Briefly describe what each supranational organization does. What are the benefits of belonging to a supranational organization? What are the downsides of belonging to a supranational organization?