Viral pathogens and Vaccination

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Presentation transcript:

Viral pathogens and Vaccination

Pathogens Diseases can be caused by infectious agents known as ‘pathogens’ Pathogens are disease-causing infectious microorganisms (for example bacteria, protozoa, viruses and fungi) Pathogens cause disease by damaging host cells Hosts can include humans, other animals and plants

Viruses Viruses are small infectious agents and their size is measured in nm They are much smaller than bacteria and fungi They are visible under an electron microscope The damage they do to host cells may be visible under a light microscope They can only replicate within living cells Viruses replicate using the machinery of the host cell

Vaccination Vaccination is a method by which a person can become immunised A vaccine contains antigens which stimulate the body’s immune response because it contains an agent such as: A live but weakened form of the pathogen (attenuated) A killed virus/bacteria (inactivated) An inactivated toxin produced by an infectious agent

Immunisation Immunisation is the process in which a person is exposed to an antigen Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies which help the person fight the infection Some of our immune cells remember the antigens so that antibodies are produced more quickly and in greater amounts the next time the antigen is encountered

Herd immunity A major benefit of high vaccine coverage is the effect of ‘herd Immunity’ Herd immunity is a type of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a high proportion of a population protects those who have not developed immunity towards an infectious disease Herd immunity is important to protect those who cannot receive vaccinations Successful eradication programs include the global eradication of smallpox and rinderpest and regional eradication of polio

Herd Immunity Source: NIAID, (2010), Herd immunity [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/SiteCollectionImages/topics/communityImmunityGeneric.gif [Accessed 29 October 13].

Summary Vaccination helps prevent the spread of infectious disease It is essential to maintain high vaccine coverage to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases The UK (2015 onwards) Immunisation Schedule includes vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, rotavirus, pneumococcal disease, meningitis C, meningitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza and Human Papilloma Virus (girls only)