Vietnamization & End of US Involvement

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Presentation transcript:

Vietnamization & End of US Involvement

Nixon’s Election Nixon narrowly defeats Hubert Humphrey of MN and George Wallace of Alabama Nixon promised to bring troops home Vietnamization: Withdrawal of US troops so that South Vietnam can fight own war

Draft Lottery The draft had been seen as unfair to blacks and the poor New draft lottery ended racial & economic discrimination

Nixon’s Secret War Nixon widened the war into Laos and Cambodia by bombing the Ho Chi Minh trail Goal: to cut off supplies to VC and bomb NVA camps there Impact: mass protests like at Kent State University in Ohio (4 students dead)

Kent State University

Paris Peace Talks 1972 Nixon was re-elected and a cease-fire was negotiated (“Peace with Honor”) January 27, 1973 Paris Peace talks concluded calling for an end to US involvement and the release of Prisoners of War (POWs) South Vietnam “must fight its own fight now”

Dominos Fall and Impact Saigon fell to the NVA (Communists) on April 30, 1975 Last Americans fled Vietnam Saigon is renamed Ho Chi Minh City 58,000+ US deaths; justified???

Long Term Consequences and Effects Physical and Psychological damage to soldiers 1971 – 4x as many were treated for drug abuse as combat wounds Agent Orange is linked to cancer and birth defects Homecomings were made more difficult due to: Lonely returns – 395 day tour; no hero’s welcome A short transition from soldier to civilian status Some soldiers experienced Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSS) and survivor’s guilt

Long Term Consequences and Effects Cynicism toward Government and Military Leaders Gulf of Tonkin Affair (was it a hoax or an excuse???) Lies and cover-up led to a widening credibility gap with the public Public received mixed messages on the war’s progress Tet Offensive My Lai Massacre Bombing of Cambodia (broken promise)

Long Term Consequences and Effects Fear of Future Military Involvement (Vietnam Syndrome) We realized our nation’s vulnerability (moral defeat) The US “didn’t win, but didn’t lose” Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Act) of 1973 which stated that the President may send troops to hostile areas, but must: Notify Congress within 48 hours Return troops within 90 days if no declaration of war is passed

Long Term Consequences and Effects Attempts at Healing: 1971: the 26th amendment was passed lowering the voting age 18 1973: the draft was abolished 1977: President Carter granted amnesty to 10,000+ draft dodgers 1982: the Vietnam Wall (Memorial) was completed in Wash. D.C. 1995: President Clinton normalized US relations with communist Vietnam

Vietnam Wall

RESULT: Vietnam proved the US military was not invincible RESULT: Vietnam proved the US military was not invincible. Our containment goal failed and public opinion on US involvement around the globe has been forever impacted. Was it our responsibility to go fight in Vietnam??? The invasion of Iraq is very similar today.