HUBERT KAIRUKI MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY. TOPIC:DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS FACILITATOR: PROF. MASALAKULANGWA MABULA PRESENTOR: Daniella Dann Deodatha Tumaini Lecton Moris Joan Joseph Japhet Faustus Daniel Amos Stella Fanuel Darling Chiragwire Hellendinah Mercy Kavishe

CONTEXT INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES DEFINITION OF TERMS MAIN DISCUSSION SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATION REFERENCE

Development Patterns Group 1 HKMU MD1 and BScN 1

Introduction Development patterns focuses on the developmental sequence for the emergence of physical characteristics, motor, language and social skills. They are associated with approximate ages which are called the “norms” These are not steadfast patterns but give a rough guide as to what is the average for a child at that age.

Objectives To explain where development patterns emerged from and the psychologists who developed the theories To discuss the research methods of development To explain the different stages of development from birth to adult hood To discuss possible causes of slow development and factors affecting development

Definition of Terms Development is defined as a gradual change or growth from a lower to a higher level. A theory is a framework that organizes and gives meaning to ideas and actions, and to guide decisions. Child development is a field of study that seeks to understand all aspects of human growth and development from birth to adulthood. Theories are: Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Ecological, Psychosocial and Psychosocial cognitive Theories.

Main discussion 5 areas of Development. Physical Intellectual Social Emotional Moral 5 Characteristics of Development Development is similar for everyone Development builds on earlier learning Development proceeds at an individual rate The different areas of development are interrelated Development is continuous through out life

Psychoanalytic Theories Freud Birth to 1½ yrs 1½ to 3 yrs 3 to 6 years 6 yrs to puberty Puberty onward Oral Stage Infant’s pleasure centers on mouth Anal Stage Child’s pleasure focuses on anus Phallic Stage Child’s pleasure focuses on genitals Latency Stage Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills Genital Stage A time of sexual reawakening; source of pleasure becomes someone outside of the family

Freud Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Personality has 3 parts- Ego, Super Ego and Id There are 5 stages of psychosexual development Oedipus complex allows child to identify with same- sex parent Fixation is an unresolved conflict during a stage of development

Psychosocial theories Erikson There are 8 stages of psychosocial development Each has a unique developmental task Developmental change occurs throughout life span Key points of psychoanalytic theories: Early experiences and family relationships are very important to development Unconscious aspects of the mind are considered Personality is best seen as a developmental process

Erikson’s Stages Developmental Period Trust vs Mistrust Infancy (first year) Autonomy vs shame & doubt Infancy (1 to 3 years) Initiative vs guilt Early childhood (3 to 5 years) Industry vs inferiority Middle and late childhood Identity vs identity confusion Adolescence (10 to 20 years) Intimacy vs isolation Early adulthood (20s, 30s) Generativity vs stagnation Middle adulthood (40s, 50s) Integrity vs despair Late adulthood (60s onward)

Cognitive Theories Piaget 4 stages of Cognitive Development. 1. Birth to 2yrs old: sensorimotor stage- Understanding of the world developed by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. 2. 2-7 years old: Preoperational Stage:- child represents world with words and images. Words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action 3. 7-11 yrs old: Concrete Operational Stage: Ability to reason logically about concrete events. Classify objects into different sets 4. 11- 15yrs old: Formal Operational Stage:- Adolescent can reason in abstract idealistic and logical ways.

Piaget Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory Four stages of cognitive development in children Cognitive processes are influenced by biological maturation Stresses conscious mental processes Assimilation and accommodation underlie how children understand the world, adapt to it, and organize their experiences

Ecological Theories Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory: States that environmental factors influence development 5 environmental systems affect life-span development Eclectic theoretical orientation: Selects features from other theories No one theory has all the answers Each theory can make a contribution to understanding life-span development

Chronosystem Political philosophy School system Economic patterns Family School & classroom Religion & groups Peer group Chronosystem School system Political philosophy National customs Economic patterns Social conditions Cultural values Community Mass media Medical institutions Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory of Development

Socio Cultural Cognitive Theory Vygotsky Agreed that children are active learners, but their knowledge is socially constructed. Cultural values and customs dictate what is important to learn. Children learn from more expert members of the society. Vygotsky described the "zone of proximal development", where learning occurs.

Social Cognitive Theory Bandura Stated that behaviour influenced both environment and a persons cognitive aspect. Where as environment influenced both behaviour and cognition and cognition influenced environment and behaviour Stressed how children learn by observation and imitation. Believed that children gradually become more selective in what they imitate.

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model Behavior Person (cognitive) Environment

summary The developmental changes can be physical, intellectual, social, emotional and moral development. There are different theories which explain development patterns such as social cognitive, socio cultural cognitive, ecological, cognitive, psychosocial, psychoanalytic theories. Freud’s psychosexual theory has five stages which are oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages. And he divided the human personality into id, ego and super ego. Erikson’s psychosocial theories has eighty stages each having unique developmental task which occur throughout the life span. Piaget’s cognitive theory has four stages which are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational stages which are all influenced by biological maturation.

Conclusions In Developmental Patterns, The norms indicate the tendencies physical characteristics, motor language and social skills though they can not be ideal due to the great variability between children. Though development may include physical development in aspects of cephalocaudal development, proximodistal development and differentiation and integration development. These are detailed description of general patterns of growth and change in the locomotory system, visuo-perceptual skills, social behavior, language and communication. The theories used to explain the development pattern can be implemented to solve or explain patients behavior in medical treatment basing on heredity(nature), Environment and interactional theories.

Recommendations Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological theory suggests that five environmental system affect life span development, which can be useful to organize and access for our life span development. Eclectic theoretical orientation suggest that no theary has all the answers, thus selecting specific features from other theories can help understand life span development. In medical fields children assessment can be done by referring to the Bandura theory which implies children become selective in what they imitate.

References Bronfenbrenner, Urie (1979). The ecology of human development, experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Havard University Press .ISBN 0-674-22456-6. OCLC 4515541 Manning M. Lee (September 1988).Erikson’’s Psychosocial Theories help explain early adolescence’’. NASSP Bulletin 72 (509): 95-100.doi:10.1177/019263658807250914 Lemma, Alessandra (2002). Psychodynamic Therapy: The Freudian Approach. In W. Dryden. Handbook of individual therapy . Thousand Oaks, Calif. Shaffer, David R. (2009). Social and personality development (6th edition). Australia: Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-495-60038-1. Cole, Michael; Vygotskii, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge Havard University Press. ISBN 0-674-57628-4. OCLC 3517053.