Prof. Dr. Seval SÖZEN Istanbul Technical University Autonomous Desalination as an Alternative Approach to Decentralized Water Management (ADIRA Project Results) Prof. Dr. Seval SÖZEN Istanbul Technical University

Global View 1.3 billion people do not have access to safe freshwater Expected to be doubled in 25 years

Case of Turkey Of the total 78 million ha,14,300 km2 is surface water Total technically and economically usable surface and ground water potential: 110 km3, 86 % - rivers within national borders 3 % - external rivers 11 % - groundwater

Case of Turkey of 3127 municipalities; 97 % - connected to drinking water network 72 % of the total population 70 % for 2000<N<5000 3 % for N<2000 82 % - water treatment facility 15% 150 000<N<500 000 7% 50 000<N<150 000

Solving Steps Evaluation of alternative water resources; surface, sea and brackish water for decentralized systems remote communities for drinking and irrigational purposes, sites having fluctuating demands eg. Tourist complexes

Concept of ADS ADS - Autonomous Desalination Systems Desalination units driven by Renewable Energy Sources (RES)

ADIRA Project Autonomous Desalination system concepts for seawater and brackish water In Rural Areas with renewable energies- potentials, technologies, field experience, socio-technical and socio-economic impacts MEDAWARE project co-funded by European Commission (EC)

On going project, (August 2003 - August 2007) Co-ordinator; Fraunhofer – ISE, Germany Partners; Turkey (ITU), Greece, Spain, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco and Cyprus

Focuses on; implementation of small-scale ADS depending on existing technologies Does not intend to develop new technologies Units with fresh water output 100 l/day - 10 m³/day

Planned Activities of ADIRA Identification and quantification of regions Collection of information on desalination systems available on the market Planning, implementation and monitoring of pilot installations Analysis of stakeholders and master plans Preparation of handbook, database and decision support tool (DST) Dissemination of project results & activities

Evaluation of Turkey Country analyzed for; Water potential; basins water storage, per capita availability RES potential; solar, wind, geothermal Suitable regions identified for ADS applications

Water Potential Distribution of resources utilized for water supply:

Water Potential Turkey categorized into 26 basins by SHW (State Hydraulic Works) Basin wide evaluation reveals that less amount of water stored per capita for; Closed basins (Van, Akarçay, Konya) Regions with high population density (Marmara, Sakarya) Water demand arises due to the tourist activities in high seasons: Mediterranean and Aegean coastal areas

Water Potential

Evaluations According to overall water potential, the water reserves seem to be satisfactory, however; Turkey cannot be considered a ‘water rich country’- water not always available on site, on time Per capita availability of water is low Water quality is poor, lack of central water treatment facilities

RES Potential Turkey unique among EU countries having substantial reserves of RES, mainly; hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass Share of Renewables ~ 14 % (2nd after coal)

RES Potential - Wind Potential up to 20,000 MW 8,000 MW estimated as usable Total production for 2001 is 152 GWh Most favorable locations for wind power generation (annual avg. wind speeds 2.5 m/s & annual wind power densities of 2.4 W/m2) Marmara Sea region, Mediterranean and Aegean Sea coasts, and inland Anatolia

RES Potential- Solar Solar energy potential; 35 mtoe per year Avg. 2,640 sunshine hours annually, with avg. solar intensity of 3.6 kWh/m2 per day 287,000 toe estimated production for solar heating in 2001 South-eastern Anatolia, Mediterranean, Aegean regions

Evaluations Turkey is blessed with abundant renewable energy resources Regions having current & foreseen water stresses mostly match with regions having high usable renewable energies

Case Study Special Case Aegean and Mediterranean coast; fluctuating demand due to heavy tourist activity during summer high solar radiation at the time of peak demand access to seawater and have plenty of brackish water wells

ADIRA Pilot Installations 2 ADS installations planned Region: Fethiye Source water: Brackish water RES: PV (Photovoltaic) Treatment scheme: Pretreatment, RO (Reverse Osmosis) membrane modules and UV disinfection

Concluding Remarks Turkey is a good candidate for ADS implementation as an alternative to central water supply systems in many regions

Concluding Remarks Nation-wide application of ADS is dependable on; Incentives given for RES (licencing, operation, etc) & decentralized water supply Acceptance of national and local authorities Awareness and willingness of stakeholders (public, water users, entrepreneurs, facility owners etc.)

Concluding Remarks ADS requires qualified technical staff Training is necessary to fullfill the technical capacity requirement

Outcomes of ADIRA ADIRA will serve as the indicator of applicability of the decentralized water supply practices in Turkey ADIRA will help to develop a new market for ADS implementation

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