History of Cartography World’s oldest map Babylonia, 6th century BC http://math.rice.edu/~lanius/pres/map/maphis.html

Ancient Greeks Eratosthenes (275-195BC) circumference of earth Hipparchus (190-120BC) – latitude / longitude; Claudius Ptolemy, (AD 90-168)

Roman world map – reconstruction AD 43 East (Orient) to top

The Dark Ages: “T-in-O” map

The Medieval period: Thirteenth century “T-in-O” map The imaginary St. Brendan’s Island

12th century Chinese map Chinese cartography was more advanced than their contemporaries'. Their maps were accurate and detailed compared to other maps.

Arabic cartography: Al-Idrisi 12th century

The Renaissance (>1450): Ptolemy’s world is rediscovered

First European map showing North America, 1502

Chinese map, 1418 ?

Vinland map: Discovered 1957, radio-carbon dated to ~1440, but containing 1920s inks and radioactive elements from 1950s

Magellan’s circumnavigation of the earth 1519-1522

Magellan’s circumnavigation of the earth 1519-1522

1569: Mercator’s projection: enabled navigators to plot and follow lines of constant compass bearing

Invention of printing press by Gutenberg, 1450 (though movable type was developed in China in 1041 by Bi Sheng)

Printing technology: 16th century woodcut

Copper engraving (‘intaglio’) 1596

16th century map showing ‘cartouches’ and beasties

Early 18th century colour map (hand coloured)

Lithographic printing plate (after 1799) Plate is created ‘wrong-reading’ = mirror image (as are also woodcut and intaglio)

Printing methods Woodcut: image area is raised and holds ink Intaglio engaving: incised cuts hold ink Lithography: surface texture (grease) holds ink

Photo-lithography (1875) and offset printing (1903) With photo-lithography , full colour map prints were possible. Thin copper plates are produced from photo negatives. Plates wrap around drums, therefore printing was continuous. An intermediate drum was added to create 'offset printing' (1903) … to avoid a wrong reading plate. Tonal gradations of photograph background or hillshading were feasible Perfect 'registration' of different colours/layers Offset lithography 1900

The development of the sciences 1700 -> Halley’s ‘isogonic’ map – lines of equal compass Declination (variation from true north) The development of the sciences 1700 -> Division of topographic and thematic mapping Development of surveying techniques Methods of data collection e.g. census

Longitude 1759 (Harrison’s chronometer) Sir Cloudsley Shovell and his grave on the Scilly Isles

Review– the graticule /history of mapping 1º longitude = ~ 111 km at the equator, 55.8 km at 60N and 0 at 90N 1º latitude = ~ 111 km (slightly larger towards the poles) Sign in northern Vermont (As the earth isn't spherical, the halfway point is actually 16 km north of latitude 45 deg.)

International Time zones 1878 (based on longitude) by Sanford Fleming Prime meridian set in Greenwich, 1851

1900s National Atlases: The first edition of the Atlas of Canada was in 1906, the world's second national atlas (after Finland) also online 1994, solely online 1998 -> http://atlas.gc.ca/

1945 Aerial photography enabled much faster topographic surveying after 1945 – especially remote areas Vancouver (Stanley Park, downtown, west vancouver, UBC) ->

Prince George: early post-war changes viewed on air photos 1944 1957

1960

Digital mapping 1980s -> 2000s -> -> Increased access to data, hardware, software, ……. and travel

Digital plotting – ‘small runs’

Mars Global Surveyor: Mars Orbiter Laser altimeter 2005: Map viewers: e.g. Google Maps / Earth) Mars Global Surveyor: Mars Orbiter Laser altimeter Unprecedented access to map data and onscreen mapping

Mars Global Surveyor: Mars Orbiter Laser altimeter Planetary mapping: e.g. Google Mars (including streetview ? ) MARS: DEM resolution in the z = 30cm from LiDAR http://www.google.com/mars/