The Importance of History History shows: Emergence of the state and concept of sovereignty Development of international state system Causes and continuing consequences of colonialism and two world wars

The Importance of History History shows: Changes in distribution of power among states Theory and practice of contemporary international relations rooted in European experience, leading to a Eurocentric focus

Machiavelli (1469–1527) In The Prince, argued that since there was no universal morality to guide them, leaders must act in the state’s interests, without regard for morality Argued a universal Christian kingdom was unattainable Illustrated debate on separation of church and state

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Thirty Years War (1618–1648) began as a dispute between Catholic and Protestant groups over supremacy of religious authority Ended with economic bankruptcy, devastation, and depopulation of Europe

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Effects of treaty: European states embraced notion of sovereignty Monarchs have political authority, not the Catholic Church Sovereigns enjoy rights within own territory Right of noninterference in domestic politics introduced

Key Developments after Westphalia Notion and practice of sovereignty develops. Permanent national militaries established, which led to increased political centralization Core group of states that dominated world for 300 years: Austria, Russia, Prussia, England, France, United Provinces Capitalist economic system emerges in western Europe; feudalism maintained in eastern areas

Europe in the Nineteenth Century: Key Principles Legitimacy: John Locke (1632–1704) argued that: Political power ultimately rests with the people Absolutist rule is limited by mankind State is a beneficial institution created by rational people to protect their natural rights and self- interests

Europe in the Nineteenth Century: Key Principles Nationalism: People share devotion and allegiance to the nation Usually based on shared characteristics of the people: common customs, cultural practices, historical experience, and perhaps even language

Europe in the Nineteenth Century: Key Principles Forged an emotional link between the state and the people Arose from American and French Revolutions Used by Napoleon Bonaparte to raise an army of 422,000 that marched across Europe

Developments in Nineteenth-Century Europe Concert of Europe Major powers hold ad hoc meetings to solidify power positions Affirmed new states and divided Africa among European states Held together by core beliefs of elite superiority and fear of revolution from the masses

Advent of Industrialization Major focus of states in second half of nineteenth century Britain is leader; becomes source of financing Masses flock to cities

Explaining Nineteenth-Century Peace European solidarity: Christian, “civilized,” white Elites united by fear of revolution Preoccupied by unification of Germany and Italy and their impact on European power structure Engaged in territorial expansion outside of Europe— colonialism and imperialism

Balance of Power in Nineteenth-Century Europe States with relatively equal power When one state or coalition of states is much more powerful than others (asymmetrical balance), war is likely Form alliances to counteract powerful states Britain as nineteenth-century balancer

Key Developments in Nineteenth-Century Europe European imperialism in Asia and Africa helps to maintain the European balance of power The balance of power breaks down due to solidifications of alliances, resulting in World War I

Key Developments in the Interwar Years Three empires collapse: Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire In wake of empires’ collapse, nationalism reemerges and new states are created, although some states lack political and economic viability

Key Developments in the Interwar Years German dissatisfaction with the World War I settlement spurs fascism, and Germany finds allies in Italy and Japan A weak League of Nations is unable to respond to Japanese, Italian and German aggression, nor does it respond to widespread economic unrest

The Aftermath of World War II Massive human rights violations, particularly genocide, lead to creation of Geneva Conventions First use of nuclear weapons technology Emergence of two superpowers—United States and Soviet Union Decline of Europe Gradual end of colonialism Creation of the United Nations

The Aftermath of World War II Differences in geopolitical national interests and ideology (capitalism versus Soviet communism) Mutual misperceptions fuel suspicion and mistrust Arms race: mutually assured destruction (MAD) Development of competing alliances: NATO versus Warsaw Pact Competition played out by and within third parties as conflict is globalized

The Cold War as a Series of Major Crises Berlin Blockade (1948–1949) Creation of two Germanys Korean War (1950–1953) Creation of two Koreas Soviet invasion of Hungary 1956 Cuban missile crisis (1962)

The Vietnam War Proxy wars in Asia, Middle East, Congo, Horn of Africa, Angola U.S. policy of containment to prevent “domino effect” Led to questions of United States as a righteous power

Explaining the Cold War as a Long Peace John Gaddis Key role of nuclear deterrence Roughly equal division of power led to system stability U.S. economic hegemony maintained stability within and among its allies

Explaining the Cold War as a Long Peace John Gaddis Economic liberalism leads to transnational politics and eventual obsolescence of great powers Long historical cycles of 100–150 years

Key Developments in Ending the Cold War Mikhail Gorbachev institutes glasnost (political openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring), which unravel communist system Gorbachev’s policies also lead to changes in Soviet foreign policy, such as the withdrawals from Afghanistan and Angola in the late 1980s

Key Developments in Ending the Cold War Soviets give up control of European satellite countries, beginning with Poland, leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall (Nov. 1989) The Soviet Union begins to disintegrate, formally ceasing to exist on Dec. 25, 1991

The Early Post–Cold War Era Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990 and the multilateral response unites the former Cold War adversaries. United States becomes biggest military and economic power, while Russia rebuilds after economic and political collapse Yugoslavia disintegrates via war into independent states; genocide in Bosnia; Serbs attack ethnic Albanians in Kosovo; United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) respond

The Early Post–Cold War Era Widespread ethnic conflict arises in Central and West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Rwanda: genocide with no international response

A New Era? Age of globalization Al Qaeda terrorist network commits terrorist acts against the homeland of the United States and U.S. interests abroad; U.S. and NATO forces respond militarily in Afghanistan

A New Era? U.S. and coalition forces invade Iraq, alleging preemptive strike against secret weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) Transnational terrorism ISIS “Rise of the rest”