New Business Models for Publishing: Open Access

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Presentation transcript:

New Business Models for Publishing: Open Access Ros Pyne, Research & Development Manager, Open Research, Nature Publishing Group / Palgrave Macmillan 19 November 2014, UCL Digital Publishing Forum

What is open access? “By 'open access' to [scholarly] literature we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers.” Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) Gold open access: Final version of article published OA immediately on the publisher platform (publisher driven). May involve an APC. Green open access (self archiving) Author version is made freely available somewhere other than the publisher’s website, e.g. in a repository, or the author’s homepage typically after an embargo New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Growth in open-access publishing (journals) Not so new any more…. >9,900 fully open access journals* >1,100 in social sciences* >1.7m open access articles* >470 open access mandates in 100 countries** 220 institutional mandates 90 funder mandates *DOAJ http://doaj.org/ **ROARMAP http://roarmap.eprints.org/ SOURCE: Laakso, M. & Björk, B.-C. Anatomy of open access publishing: a study of longitudinal development and internal structure. BMC medicine 10, 124 (2012). New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Benefits of Open Access Making the literature as useful as it can be Faster progress/better return on investment in research Increases understanding (and use?) of research outside the research community (e.g. public, government) Authors (generally) retain copyright in their work and are free to redistribute widely Increases visibility and readership of articles1 Increases citation impact1 Facilitates interdisciplinary research and collaboration The research literature becomes a resource for research (text/data mining) Drives innovation in publishing e.g. speed, open data 1. For a bibliography of studies see The Open Citation Project: http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

How does open access affect publishers? Open access changes… Who has access to research Democratisation of audience Who controls budgets Authors and funders now key decision-makers Programme growth Growth through volume (but need to maintain quality) Value of interconnectivity Competition New entrants and competition from tech sector Democratization of readership: audience shifts from almost exclusively academics, to academics + practitioners, policymakers, students, and 'curious minds'; + extends global reach. Funders, rather than libraries, control research publication budgets, via APCs. Academics make the final decision where to spend, no longer just the indirect influencer- we need to get better at marketing to them direct. Allowing inter-connectivity between research in highly sophisticated way which will limit silo-ed publishing Volume itself increases in value – quality may not be maximised if not in OR space: profit growth in the author-pays model derives from publishing more, rather than selling more and more; OR’s true value not felt if there is not a breadth of content to connect to and with. Competition: From established, predominantly commercial, publishers, to the addition of 'start-ups' with no legacy business to maintain & often non-profit. New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Challenges for (traditional) publishers Managing shift from subscription to APC model Reversal of trad model: growth comes from publishing more Exposure of cost-base / need to explain how APCs are calculated New technology needs: high initial outlay Speed with which open access landscape is changing Global & disciplinary variation in approach to open access and in funding Need for author outreach to demonstrate benefits Perception that open access means lower quality Confusing terminology (green / gold; licence definitions) NB HSS. New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Nature Communications Transitioning a hybrid journal to full open access 1 New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Making Nature Communications fully OA Providing a high-quality open-access option Born an OA / subscription hybrid journal (2010) Now fully OA for all submissions from 20th October 2014 Default licence is now CC BY 4.0 – most open licence, encourages sharing and re- use. Now the #1 multidisciplinary open access journal (2013 Impact Factor = 10.742.) Demonstrates NPG commitment to open access New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Transitioning Nature Communications Challenges and solutions Maintaining quality No change to editorial team, peer review process or acceptance criteria Ensuring authors have access to OA funding Funding support service Waiver policy Respecting author choice for papers submitted before transition date Authors who submitted before 20th October can choose subscription or OA Managing two workflows during transition period (hybrid and OA) Communicating complex changes to librarians and authors FAQs, marketing campaigns, interviews with industry press, briefing internal teams Size of journal makes this particularly complex (XX articles published in 2014 YTD) New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Providing an open-access option for scholarly books Palgrave Open Providing an open-access option for scholarly books 2 New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Open access at Palgrave Macmillan June 2011: Hybrid open-access offering for Palgrave journals January 2013: Open-access option for Palgrave Pivots and monographs November 2013: First OA monograph published, ‘A History of Fungal Disease’ April 2014: Fully OA journal, Palgrave Communications, open for submissions July 2014: First hybrid OA chapter, in 'The Social Construction of Death’ October 2014: First OA Pivot, ‘Seeing Ourselves Through Technology’ To date: 2 OA monos, 1 Pivot, 1 OA chapter In pipeline: 1 mono, 1 Pivot, 1 chapter 1 book funded by Wellcome, 1 by Japanese govt, one by author’s institution. No mandate in latter two cases. New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Palgrave Macmillan’s model for OA books First major publisher to offer CC BY default for books Authors charged an ‘Open access publishing charge’ (=APC) ALL online versions of book are open-access (PDF, ePub, Kindle version) Licensed under CC BY Print versions available at cost We do not subsidise OA through sales of alternative formats or through secondary revenues Why this model? Sustainable and future-proof Transparent Charges associated with true costs of publishing Consistency and simplicity Full open-access – no compromises NB, we recognise that New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Some book-specific OA challenges OA books still in experimental stage Funding Higher costs, fewer authors, books most important in HSS – funding routes only beginning to emerge Workflows e.g. trad book workflow involves contracting at start of process Systems Publisher and industry systems not set up to handle OA (esp. for hybrid chapters) Discovery Traditional route of discovery is via library catalogue – need to ensure OA books are visible NB HSS. New Business Models: Open Access | 19 November 2014

Thank you For more information please contact ROS PYNE Research & Development Manager, Open Research M +44 (0)7764 203646 T +44 (0) 20 7843 4619 ros.pyne@palgrave.com