Chapter 2 Ancient Middle East and Egypt Chapter Focus: What distinct characteristics did the early civilizations and empires of the Middle East and Egypt develop?
Stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea* 2.1 – City-States of Ancient Sumer Focus: What were the characteristics of the world’s first civilization? Fertile Crescent* Stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea*
2.1 Ancient Sumer Mesopotamia*– “between the rivers”* Within the Fertile Crescent Between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Location of first civilization: Sumer*
2.1 Sumer Sumerian Civilization 12 separate city-states Battle to control land & water War leaders evolve Hereditary rule
2.1 Sumerian Civilization Government Ruler responsible City walls Irrigation system Led army Employed scribes Chief servant of gods Led ceremonies Society Social Hierarchy:* system of ranking groups Ruling family officials, high priests Lesser priests, scribes, merchants, artisans Peasant farmers Slaves
2.1 Sumerian Civilization Religion Polytheistic: worship many gods* Ziggurat: large stepped platform topped by a temple dedicated to the city’s chief god or goddess – rituals and prayers* After-life* All live in a grim underworld with no release*
2.1 Sumerian Civilization Writing (3200 BC) Cuneiform:* system of writing using wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets* Earliest known form of writing (myths, prayers, laws, contracts)
2.1 Sumerian Civilization Legacy 1900 BC – Sumerian civilization replaced by other civilizations & empires Conquerors adopt ideas Developed astronomy Movement of planets & stars Mathematics Number system based on 6 60 minute hour 360 degree circle
2. 2 – First Empires in Mesopotamia 2.2 – First Empires in Mesopotamia* Focus: How did various strong rulers unite the lands of the Fertile Crescent into well-organized empires? Sargon (2300 BC)* Ruler of Akkad Conquers Sumer city-states First empire in history* Collapses after his death
2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Hammurabi (1700 BC)* King of Babylon Hammurabi’s Code*– first written law code (~300) Codify* – arrange and set down in writing “eye for an eye & a life for a life” Civil Law*– private rights – taxes, marriage, divorce, property* Criminal Law*– offenses against others – robbery, assault, murder*
2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Hittites*(1400-1200 BC) From Asia Minor Skill how to make iron* Sharper, harder, cheaper
2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Assyrians (1350 BC) Feared warriors Ordered Society Laws for royal household First libraries 612 BC - defeated
Assyrians Skinning Alive
2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Babylon* (625 BC) largest city King Nebuchadnezzar* Rebuilt canals, temples, walls, & palaces Hanging Gardens*
Babylon
2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Persia* 539 BC – Conquer Babylon Cyrus the Great* Largest empire – Asia Minor to India Policy of tolerance to those conquered**
2.2 Persia - Mesopotamia Barter Economy exchange a good or service for another Money Economy Good paid for through exchange of token
2.2 Persia - Mesopotamia Persian Religion* Zoroaster*(600 BC) – Persian religious thinker Taught of a “single” wise god – Ahura Mazda Prince of lies and evil – Ahriman Final judgment day*
2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Phoenicians* Occupied cities along eastern Mediterranean coast Manufacturing and trade Purple dye Colony* – territory settled and ruled by people from another land “carriers of civilization”* Alphabet – each symbol represents a single basic sound 22 symbols Greeks add vowels
Phoenician Colonies
Phoenician Alphabet
2.3 – Kingdom on the Nile Focus: How did the Nile influence the rise of the powerful civilization of Egypt? Nile* 4,100 miles; longest river in the world Northward flow Black Land – fertile land (10 miles wide) Red Land – desert
2.3 - Egypt Floods Reservoirs (dry season) Irrigation Yearly Flood Floods in July Recedes in October Flood – Plant – Harvest
2.3 - Egypt Geography* Upper Egypt (South)* Lower Egypt (North)* From first cataracts, waterfall & rapids, to 100 miles from Med. Sea* Lower Egypt (North)* Delta* region – triangular marshlands; Nile empties into the Med. Sea*
2.3 – Egypt Old Kingdom Old Kingdom Dynasty* – ruling family; power passes from one ruler to another Pharaohs* – Egyptian kings Human & divine Absolute Power – own & rule all land Bureaucracy* – system of govn’t made up of different jobs and authority levels Vizier* – chief minister who supervises govn’t Various depts. – taxes, farming, etc.
2.3 - Egypt Old Kingdom Great Pyramids** Necropolis* – cemeteries Tombs where deceased live for eternity Collapse Power struggles Crop failures Cost of building pyramids Disunite
2.3 - Egypt Middle Kingdom Turbulent period Nile doesn’t flood regularly Corruption & rebellion 1700 BC Hyksos* take over (100 year rule) Introduce horse-drawn war chariot** Adopted Egyptian culture
2.3 – Egypt New Kingdom Hatshepsut (1472-1458 BC) Thutmose III Empire reaches as far as Syria & the Euphrates River Hatshepsut (1472-1458 BC) first female ruler; encouraged trade Thutmose III Hatshepsut’s stepson; took over after becoming an adult Warlike Stretched borders to greatest extent*
2.3 – Egypt New Kingdom Ramses II* (1279-1213 BC) Battles – Hittites vs. Egyptians First recorded peace treaty* 99 years old – 150 children
2.3 - Egypt Decline After 1100 BC 332 BC – last Egyptian dynasty ended; Greeks control 30 BC – Roman armies displace Greeks
2.4- Egypt Focus: How did religion and learning play important roles in ancient Egyptian civilization? Religion most important gods are associated with the sun and the Nile Amon-Re* – lord of the Gods; gave pharaohs right to rule & judged their actions*
2.4 - Egypt Osiris* God of the dead; judges the soul* God of the Nile; controls the flood* Isis Daily lives of women
2.4 - Egypt Afterlife Book of the Dead* Osiris judges soul Eater of the Dead Happy Field of Food Book of the Dead* Spells, charms, and formulas to survive the underworld journey*
2.4 - Egypt Mummification* Preservation of body by embalming and wrapping in cloth (use body in afterlife)*
2.4 – Egypt Social Hierarchy Pharaoh & Royal Family Govn’t officials & High Priests Merchants, Scribes, & Artisans Peasants & Slaves
2.4 - Egypt Social Class Peasants Off-season: build palaces, temples, & tombs Women Inherit property, buy & sell goods, divorce Excluded from govn’t jobs & becoming scribes
2.4 – Egypt Writing Hieroglyphics* Using pictures of symbols to represent objects, concepts, or sounds* Record important economic, royal, & official historical information
2.4 – Egypt Writing Hieratic & Demotic Simple, cursive, script for everyday use Papyrus Plant that grows along the banks of the Nile* Paperlike writing material
Demotic
2.4 – Egypt Writing Rosetta Stone* Passage carved on flat, black stone in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek* Decipher meanings of many hieroglyphics*
2.4 – Egypt Science & Mathematics Medicine Human body – mummification Surgical operations Astronomy Calendar: 12 months of 30 days Mathematics Geometry Survey land Construction of pyramids & temples
Judaism is a monotheistic religion, what does this mean? 2.5 – Roots of Judaism Focus: How did the worship of only one god shape Judaism? What group of people is crediting with creating the religion of Judaism? Israelites/Hebrews Judaism is a monotheistic religion, what does this mean? One god – made Judaism different
The Israelites regard Abraham as what? Why? 2.5 - Judaism There was a Jewish belief that history and faith were connected, this lead to the creation of what book? Describe this book: Torah – First five books of the Hebrew Bible The Israelites regard Abraham as what? Why? The Father of Judaism…he made a pact with God
Who united the twelve tribes of Israel? 2.5 - Judaism Define covenant: A binding agreement In Egypt the Israelites were in which social class? Who led the Israelites out of Egypt? They were slaves, held in bondage – freed by Moses Who united the twelve tribes of Israel? David
What city was established as the Jewish capital? 2.5 - Judaism What city was established as the Jewish capital? Jerusalem Define patriarchal: Men held the highest authority/ and made decisions…also means relating to the father
2.5 - Judaism 10. In the Jewish faith, the Sabbath is held in high regard. Define Sabbath: The Sabbath is a day of rest and worship 11. What was the Diaspora? Why was this event important? The migration of Jewish people (Hebrews) throughout the world, in order to escape Babylonian captivity