The Cold War

Aftermath Germany is completely conquered and is divided up geographically between the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union Nuremberg Trials Japan is utterly destroyed and the United States sets up a provisional government under the administration of General Douglas MacArthur. The Soviet Union and the United States emerge as the two dominant super-powers in the world.

Allied Plans for the Postwar World The WW2 Allies had three meetings to determine what the world would be like after the war. 11/1943- Tehran 2/1945 Yalta 7/1945 Potsdam

Tehran- 1943 At Tehran it was decided that Germany would be split in half between the western Allies and the Soviet Union after the war

Yalta- 2/1945 The Allies tried to agree to free elections in Eastern Europe Agreed that Germany must surrender unconditionally

Potsdam; 7/1945 At this conference, the American president and British PM demanded free elections in Eastern Europe- Stalin refused. Truman and the weapon of “unusual power” (7) Clement Atlee Truman Stalin

WESTERN EASTERN

So, When did the Cold War begin? Two Answers based on POV American/Western POV Soviet POV 1918: During the Russian Civil War when the U.S.A. & Great Britain invaded Russia to prevent the Soviet government from keeping power after the Russian Revolution. After 1941 when the Western Allies refused to open a “2nd Front” to relieve them from the Germans. The west is hypocritical. 1945 at Potsdam when Stalin refused to allow for popular sovereignty in formerly German-occupied Eastern-European nations.

Competing Doctrines The TRUMAN Doctrine: 1947 “I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.” The Brezhnev Doctrine, 1969; "...each Communist party is responsible not only to its own people, but also to all the socialist countries, to the entire Communist movement. Whoever forgets this, in stressing only the independence of the Communist party, becomes one­sided. He deviates from his international duty...Discharging their internationalist duty toward the fraternal peoples of Czechoslovakia and defending their own socialist gains, the U.S.S.R. and the other socialist states had to act decisively and they did act against the antisocialist forces in Czechoslovakia.“

Aspects of the Cold War Atomic/Nuclear Arms race The “Nuclear Triad” The “Space Race” The Cold War was “fought” between the USA and the USSR and later, Communist China U.S. Pressure for German re-armament Soviet desire for “Satellites” or, “Buffer zones” Development of The 1st, 2nd, & 3rd “Worlds” Proxy wars between the major powers

CHINA Mao’s China and Beyond Introduction Chiang Kai-shek vs. the Communist – 1930s & Japanese invasion Chiang focused on communists, Japanese took advantage – invaded Eventually forced to align w/ communists to fight Japanese Communists took advantage of Japanese invasion Nationalist forces destroyed by superior Japanese Looked bad to people Forced to retreat, ask for help from landlords and US Communist guerilla warfare more successful

“A Tiger can kill an elephant by biting it once a day”. Mao “A Tiger can kill an elephant by biting it once a day”.

Ensuing civil war – communists won Communist soldiers treated better Chiang/armies retreat to Formosa – Taiwan Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China Why was Mao successful? The info below is quite debatable… Land reform programs, access to education, improved health care Mao’s armies protected peasantry vs. Chaing’s abusive army Guerilla warfare better chance for success Convinced peasants they had programs to make life better

The Communists Come to Power Communist party – strong military and political connection People’s Liberation Army – administered local politics Repressed secessionist movements – Tibet and Inner Mongolia Fought US out of N. Korea Helped liberation struggle in Vietnam

Proxy Wars Arab-Israeli Wars: 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973, & 1982… Korea 1951-1953 Vietnam (1954)1968-1973 Afghanistan 1979-89

Cold War ARMS RACE Space Race Soviets demonstrate their Atom Bomb 1949 Americans demonstrate Hydrogen Bomb 1952 1957 Sputnik MAD “Duck and Cover!” Space Race “Our Germans are better than their Germans”. 1961 Yuri Gagarin, 1963 1st Woman in space, 1965 1st Spacewalk 1969 Neil Armstrong- 1st to walk on the Moon.

The Cold War in Popular Culture

1980- The creation of “Solidarity” in Poland Massive shipyard strikes led by Lech Walesa Forced Polish Government to recognize workers’ right to protest. 1983- “Star Wars”- the Strategic Arms Defense Initiative 1985- Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power Glasnost & perestroika 1989- The Berlin Wall falls Hungary becomes the 1st Eastern Bloc nation to open borders to the West 1991- The Soviet Union breaks up