(of the bad Clipart mountaintop…) Chapter 22 Notes, Part 1 We Will Climb To The Top (of the bad Clipart mountaintop…) Chapter 22 Notes, Part 1

Problems which must be Confronted after the Civil War The Nation What to do with the Confederacy? What to do with the former slaves (other than free them)? What is the fallout with former slaveholders AND poor whites? The South Inflation  Banks and Businesses closing Destruction of Southern Railroads Agricultural Demise Weeds in cotton fields No more (free) slave labor Attitude of whites towards the “damnyankees”

Responses to Emancipation African Americans Welcomed the Freedman’s Bureau Reactions to freedom varied Ex: Jourdon Anderson’s letter (p. 483) 20 lashes for former slaveowner before leaving Some stayed on the plantation (it’s all they knew) Become more educated (especially children) Whites Southern whites (SW) generally angry; Northern whites (NW) generally happy Some Union troops helped free slaves/pillage masters’ possessions NW helped educate blacks SW tried to slow progress Sharecropping Congressional tactics Use of Pres. Johnson SW: Institute Black Codes

Approaches to Reconstruction Congressional Republicans pass legislation to limit Black Codes Amendments XIII, XIV, XV (Civil Rights Amend.) XIII: No more slavery XIV: Civil rights for freedmen Reduced representation in Congress & Electoral College Former Confederates couldn’t hold fed. office XV: Slaves have right to vote Felt Lincoln/Johnson’s 10% to re-enter Union was too lenient (Wade-Davis Bill—wanted 50%) Maintain Republican goals so Democrats couldn’t take over Congress and be anti-black Presidential Lincoln wanted to restore the Union Johnson wanted to show his power (ruled more like Dem.) Both allowed Confederate states to rejoin Union with a “10% of citizens must abide by Emancipation” rule Lincoln pocket-vetoed Wade-Davis Bill (50% to re-enter Union) Johnson also disfranchised some leading Confederates, including those with $20K, though they could petition for personal pardons States must ratify 13th Amendment Johnson looked to not renew Freedman’s Bureau and aligned with Black Codes Awful speaking tour led to pro-Republican Congress in ‘66

President Johnson, the white South, and Radical Reconstruction The Black Codes were laws designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks Mississippi passed the first law in November 1865. It became as anti-African American as any state in the Union through the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s Goal of Black Codes: gain a stable, subservient labor force (i.e. get the cotton fields growin’ again) Black Codes meant the freedmen generally had to commit to work for their employer for a year. If not, they’d face forfeiture of previous wages or be dragged back to the farm by a paid “Negro-catcher” President Johnson’s race relations sympathy was questioned when he vetoed the renewal of the Freedman’s Bureau in Feb. 1866 Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Bill in March 1866 which gave blacks American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes Johnson became known as “Sir Veto” yet the Republican Congress kept re-passing the bills with a super majority to get them into law Civil Rights Bill led to the 14th Amendment, as mentioned earlier…what I didn’t say earlier was that Johnson urged the Southern states to reject it

Keepin’ It Real: Effects of Congressional Reconstruction After Johnson’s speaking tour hurt the Southern Democrats he wanted to help in the Congressional elections of 1866, (even though Johnson was a Republican), the Republicans had a veto-proof Congress Radical Republican leaders: the no-longer-bloodied Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens Wanted to apply federal power to bring about a drastic social and economic transformation in the South However, moderate Republicans stayed away from the Radical Republicans’ agenda as they preferred states’ rights and self-government…still the Republicans would combine in voting to stop the Southern Democrats’ agenda South was divided in 5 military districts by Reconstruction Act in March 1867; those districts were commanded by Union soldiers and a Union general Former Confederate states had to ratify the 14th Amendment to return to the Union, and full suffrage would be given to all males, including former slaves, through their state constitutions Freedmen were not given land or education through federal money though By 1870, African Americans gained the right to vote via the 15th Amendment Between 1868 and 1876 fourteen black congressmen and two black senators served the government; accused of being scalawags and carpetbaggers Goal was to protect blacks: it didn’t work very well

When Keepin’ It Real Goes Wrong: White Opposition to Empowering Blacks By law, blacks were free By social customs of the South, they weren’t free The Ku Klux Klan emerged as “the Invisible Empire of the South” in 1866 in Tennessee The Klan continuously ravaged the South, antagonizing, threatening, maiming, and killing many free blacks and those who supported them throughout Reconstruction In one Louisiana parish in 1868, whites in two days killed or wounded 200 victims to make sure blacks were “kept in their place” Keeping blacks from voting was a consistent goal, whether through intimidation, fraud, and trickery

The Johnson Impeachment (Without a Conviction) Your Turn…

The Successes and Failures of Reconstruction Your Turn…