Asst. Prof. Dr. Sameer Saadoon Algburi The Battery Characteristics Impact on Solar Systems: Performance and Cost IEEE – Conference 27 – 04 - 2017 Presented By: Asst. Prof. Dr. Sameer Saadoon Algburi

Motivation The Demonstration of  Battery's performance, cost and shortage factors and their effects on the design of solar systems Using HOMER Software

Transportation & Installation Abstract The characteristics of lead acid batteries are normally affected by several factors such as: Four types of HOPPECKE battery were chosen. The max annual capacity shortage is changed over: (10 – 20 – 30) ?? Why In order to realize cost assumption Discharge Depth Extreme Temperature Battery Storage Transportation & Installation

Introduction Batteries are widely fabricated and categorized into several types based on: The characteristics. The specifications appropriate for various applications. Lead acid batteries are most suitable to be employed in the energetic systems due to: The availability in low costs. Several sizes. Attractive performance. There exist many differences in the design specifications and performance of lead acid battery cells such as: Starting Lighting and Ignition (SLI). Motive Power or Traction Batteries. Stationary Batteries. We decided to use Lead Acid Battery of HOPPECKE Type

HOMER Software Homer is considered one of the important power optimization programs due to wide usability and demand all around the universe. Program Identification: Mistaya engineering for the employ and implementation of national renewable energy laboratory (NREL) in USA Decisions and Evaluations are simplified by HOMER: The items that systems are made of The size of the proposed system The specification of each employed component The key reason for paying this great attention towards HOMER: The analysis The sensitivities Good estimations

For a virtual residential load type Primary Load Setup The primary load input requires to be provided by maximum power at the proposed location along 24 hours consumption. For a virtual residential load type The 24 Hourly Necessitate Power Distribution for the proposed load Hour Load (kW) 00:00 – 01:00 0.200 12:00 – 13:00 0.600 01:00 – 02:00 13:00 – 14:00 02:00 – 03:00 14:00 – 15:00 03:00 – 04:00 15:00 – 16:00 04:00 – 05:00 0.300 16:00 – 17:00 0.550 05:00 – 06:00 17:00 – 18:00 06:00 – 07:00 0.400 18:00 – 19:00 07:00 – 08:00 0.500 19:00 – 20:00 08:00 – 09:00 20:00 – 21:00 09:00 – 10:00 21:00 – 22:00 0.450 10:00 – 11:00 22:00 – 23:00 11:00 – 12:00 23:00 – 00:00

Solar System Module The suggested location precisely allocated at: Kirkuk, Iraq around  35.5 latitude north, 44.4 longitudes east, As referred in: NASA, USA, Atmospheric Science Center. [online]. Available: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov. The base line data is obtained in accordance with: The classification of the monthly average radiation. Clearness index values of the proposed place. AS World Weather Online, Global Weather Forecast. [online].Available:http://www.worldweatheronline.com/kirkuk-weather-averages.

Daily Radiation (kWh/m2/d) Average radiation and clearness index values per month Average Baseline Clearness Index = 0.634 Daily Radiation = 5.266 kWh/m2/d Month Clearness Index Daily Radiation (kWh/m2/d) January 0.546 2.771 February 0.572 3.662 March 0.597 4.903 April 0.622 6.190 May 0.654 7.255 June 0.664 7.662 July 0.667 7.534 August 0.670 6.933 September 0.698 6.135 October 0.637 4.409 November 0.593 3.179 December 0.531 2.474

Proposed Solar System Module system argument is:- demonstrate the improvement in the cost of renewable solar system HOW??? By modifying the specification of a particular (HOPPECKE) battery type. The proposed system is constructed of : Primary load input of (11 kWh/d). PV input. Converter. HOPPECKE Battery.

Proposed Solar System Module PHOTOVOLTAIC INPUT (PV): Is employed in order to obtain the highest power from sun radiation in daily hours and along the month. PV Input Costs (for 25 years – lifetime) The primary load needs approximately (1.1 kW – Peak). Hence, the input size of PV = 2 (kW) accordingly. Size (kW) Capital ($) Replacement ($) O&M ($ / year) 2.00 1400 1350 50

Proposed Solar System Module Convertor: Converts the DC realized voltage to AC. Convertor Costs (for 15 years – lifetime) The primary load needs approximately (1.1 kW – Peak). Hence, the size of the convertor = 2 (kW) accordingly. Size (kW) Capital ($) Replacement ($) O&M ($ / year) 2.00 1000 950 50

Proposed Hoppecke Battery HOPPECKE is lead acid battery type that widely used due to their: The availability. High service life optimizations. Stability. Compatibility. Approximately free maintenance and easier installation. Hoppecke Specifications and Price NAME SPECIFICATIONS PRICE ($)   1 H200 - Hoppecke 4 OPzS 200 2V, 200 Ah, 0.4 kWh 141 2 H300 - Hoppecke 6 OPzS 300 2V, 300 Ah, 0.6 kWh 181 3 H600 - Hoppecke 6 OPzS 600 2V, 600 Ah, 1.2 kWh 265 4 H800 - Hoppecke 8 OPzS 800 2V, 800 Ah, 1.6 kWh 377 Hint 6 batteries are connected in series as string ??

Results Hoppecke 4 OPzS 200 (H200): Nominal specification : (2V, 200 Ah, 0.4 kWh – 5 years lifetime) H200 - Hoppecke 4 OPzS 200 Costs Quantity Capital ($) Replacement ($) O&M ($ / year) 1.00 141 130 5.00 (Ah) is the amount of energy charge in a battery that allow one ampere of current to flow in one hour. HOMER Results

Results Hoppecke 4 OPzS 200 (H200): Nominal specification : (2V, 200 Ah, 0.4 kWh – 5 years lifetime) Renewable Sys. Results based H200 Max annual capacity shortage (30%) Initial Capital ($) Operating Cost ($ / yr) Total Net Price Cost NPC ($) Cost of energy (COE) Battery Life (yr) 4.292 340 8.644 0.224 6.7 Max annual capacity shortage (20%) 5.138 426 10.579 7.3 Max annual capacity shortage (10%) 6.830 469 12.824 0.278 10.6

Results 2. Hoppecke 6 OPzS 300 (H300): Nominal specification : (2V, 300 Ah, 0.6 kWh – 5 years lifetime) H300 - Hoppecke 6 OPzS 300 Costs Quantity Capital ($) Replacement ($) O&M ($ / year) 1.00 181 160 8.00 (Ah) is the amount of energy charge in a battery that allow one ampere of current to flow in one hour. HOMER Results

Results 2. Hoppecke 6 OPzS 300 (H300): Nominal specification : (2V, 300 Ah, 0.6 kWh – 5 years lifetime) Renewable Sys. Results based H300 Max annual capacity shortage (30%) Initial Capital ($) Operating Cost ($ / yr) Total Net Price Cost NPC ($) Cost of energy (COE) Battery Life (yr) 5.158 321 9.266 0.246 13.9 Max annual capacity shortage (20%) 4.772 392 9.787 0.226 7.3 Max annual capacity shortage (10%) 5.858 436 11.430 0.250 9.7

Results 3. Hoppecke 6 OPzS 600 (H600): Nominal specification : (2V, 600 Ah, 1.2 kWh – 5 years lifetime) H600 - Hoppecke 6 OPzS 600 Costs Quantity Capital ($) Replacement ($) O&M ($ / year) 1.00 265 255 9.00 (Ah) is the amount of energy charge in a battery that allow one ampere of current to flow in one hour. HOMER Results

Results 3. Hoppecke 6 OPzS 600 (H600): Nominal specification : (2V, 600 Ah, 1.2 kWh – 5 years lifetime) Renewable Sys. Results based H600 Max annual capacity shortage (30%) Initial Capital ($) Operating Cost ($ / yr) Total Net Price Cost NPC ($) Cost of energy (COE) Battery Life (yr) 5.080 237 8.112 0.215 18.9 Max annual capacity shortage (20%) 4.190 309 8.140 0.187 7.4 Max annual capacity shortage (10%) 5.780 333 10.039 12.7

Results 4. Hoppecke 8 OPzS 800 (H800): Nominal specification : (2V, 800 Ah, 1.6 kWh – 5 years lifetime) H800 - Hoppecke 8 OPzS 800 Costs Quantity Capital ($) Replacement ($) O&M ($ / year) 1.00 377 367 9.00 (Ah) is the amount of energy charge in a battery that allow one ampere of current to flow in one hour. HOMER Results

Results 4. Hoppecke 8 OPzS 800 (H800): Nominal specification : (2V, 800 Ah, 1.6 kWh – 5 years lifetime) Renewable Sys. Results based H800 Max annual capacity shortage (30%) Initial Capital ($) Operating Cost ($ / yr) Total Net Price Cost NPC ($) Cost of energy (COE) Battery Life (yr) 4.162 244 7.021 0.187 12.6 Max annual capacity shortage (20%) 4.862 323 8.987 0.198 8.9 Max annual capacity shortage (10%) 7.124 319 11.197 0.236 16.2

Results The optimum costs of the proposed solar system based HOPPECKE batteries H800 is better @ (30%) Max annual capacity shortage Initial Capital ($) Operating Cost ($ / yr) Total Net Price Cost NPC ($) Cost of energy (COE) Battery Life (yr) 4.162 244 7.021 0.187 12.6 H600 is better @ (20%) Max annual capacity shortage 4.190 309 8.140 7.4 H600 is better @ (10%) Max annual capacity shortage 5.780 333 10.039 0.215 12.7

Conclusions HOPPECKE H800 has given the best performance and lowest cost than the other types in case of (30%) maximum annual capacity shortage. HOPPECKE H600 is considered the lowest cost in case of (20% and 10%) shortage. It can be stated that, current discharge depth is rationally variable in accordance with battery type specifications.

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