Chapter 6 SKELETAL SYSTEM

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. State Standards 8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure and function of all body systems, and explain how homeostasis is maintained. 16) Understand principles of and successfully perform skills related to Emergency Medicine, incorporating rubrics from the American Heart Association or American Red Cross for the following: a. Basic First Aid care of bleeding and wounds b. Basic First Aid care for burns c. Basic First aid for bone and joint injuries 21) Understand principles of and successfully perform skills related to Athletic Training, incorporating rubrics from textbooks or clinical standards of practice for the following: a. Assessment of athlete with injured ankle or wrist © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Objectives Students will describe the function of the skeletal system. Students will name and locate the bones of the skeleton. Students will name and define the types of joints. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

FUNCTIONS Supports body structure and provides shape to the body Protects internal organs Allows movement and anchorage of muscles Provides mineral storage Discussion: Applying what you know about the other body systems, which ones work in conjunction with the skeletal system to create movement?

STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF BONE Bones consist of microscopic cells called osteocytes Ossification is when mineral matter starts to replace cartilage, creating bone. This happens in babies before and after birth. Discussion: Applying what we just learned would bone be considered a living substance? Why would a baby need a higher percentage of cartilage vs. and adult? © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE Diaphysis is the long, hollow cylinder of hard, compact bone At each end of the diaphysis is an epiphysis The medullary canal in the center, is filled with marrow, and is surrounded by compact or hard bones © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Discussion Bone is not a solid material. It contains air pockets and has a mesh-like appearance. With a partner discuss… Why do we need bones to have air pockets and a mesh-like appearance vs. being solid? What would happen to our ability to move if they were solid?

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. GROWTH Bones grow at the grow plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis until all cartilage has become ossified into bone. Osteoblasts are bone cells that deposit new bone Osteoclasts are bone cells that secrete enzymes to dissolve bone structure © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Discussion With a partner discuss…. The doctor is trying to determine if Sara, who is 13 years old, is done growing. She is currently 5 foot 11 inches. He takes an x-ray of her wrists and notices cartilage at the epiphysis of the bones. Is Sara done growing yet? © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. BONE TYPES Four types of bones based upon their shape: Long bones - upper and lower arms and legs Flat bones – skull, ribs, shoulder Irregular bones - spinal column Short bones - wrists and ankles © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Bone types © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Skeletal system consists of 2 main parts (Axial and Appendicular) Axial Skeleton consists of: Skull Spinal column Ribs Sternum (breast bone) Hyoid bone © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Skull Bones of the skull are not completely attached to each other in early infancy Suture lines- where the bones meet, later hardens together. Cranial bones-protect the brain facial bones-protect and support the eyes ears nose and mouth

Spinal Column Strong and flexible Made of many small bones called vertebra Supports the head and provides attachment for the ribs. Discussion: Applying what your know about the abilities of the spine, why would the vertebra not be fused together? What body cavity does the spine create?

Divisions of the spine Cervical Spine- neck area 7 bones Thoracic-chest area 12 bones Lumbar- back area 5 bones Sacrum- five fused bones back of the pelvis Coccyx- “tailbone” 4 fused bones

Discussion With a partner discuss… Applying your knowledge of the nervous system, what organ does the spinal column protect? An infant does not have a curve in the lumbar and cervical regions of the spine, this is developed after a certain life event? What event is it and why do you think this might be?

Ribs and Sternum 12 pairs of ribs Sternum connects the 2 sets of ribs. Discussion: Applying what your know about medical terminology, what cavity do the ribs protect? Using terminology to describe the sternums position in relation to the ribs.

PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder Girdle Arm Hand Pelvic Girdle Upper Leg Lower Leg Ankle Foot © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Shoulder Girdle

Arm Upper Arm Lower Arm

Hand

Pelvic Girdle

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Discussion Men and Womens pelvic girdles are different sizes and shapes. Research with a partner what the difference is. Think about why they would be different. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Leg bones Lower leg Upper Leg

Ankle and Foot

Activity With a partner you will be working to construct an anatomically correct skeleton. You will need to label all of the bones we have discussed, color code them as part of the Axial or Appendicular skeleton, and color the different bones of the skull. You will then work to assemble him or her. Once you have your skeleton assembled, complete the review questions 2,3,7,14,16,17,18,& 19 Individually.