MODERN & SMART MATERIALS

CONTENTS During this slide shown we will explore the wide industry of materials that are used to make up a lot of the newer technology that we see in this modern world. The materials we are looking at will be: Carbon Fibre Cobalt Based Super Alloys Kevlar Boron Carbide GRP Boron Nitrite Tungsten Titanium Nickel Based Super Alloys Zirconia

Yes there is more! Shape Memory Alloys Shape Memory Polymers Electrochromic Materials Piezoelectric Actuators Piezoelectric Transducers

CARBON FIBRE Unique Properties of this material include its strength and weight benefits of this are it has the ability to give tremendous strength at a relatively low weight It is used for aircraft, satellites, formula 1 cars, pressure vessels, specialized tools, wind turbine components and for reinforcing concrete in areas with a high risk of earthquakes.

KEVLAR This is a synthetic fibre of high tensile strength used especially as a reinforcing agent in the manufacture of tyres and other rubber products. It also has the property of toughness and has the strength to weight ratio (S/R) of being five times greater than steel! Kevlar is used for making body armour, racing boat sails, F1 car panels and fighter jet wing parts. Technological developments will be this product more used in aerospace engineering. http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/kevlar1.html

KEVLAR

TABLE OF COMPARISONS Material S/W Ratio

GRP GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic as it is known) or Fibreglass as it is more commonly known as is composed of strands of glass. Each individual glass fibre is very fine with a small diameter, and they are woven to form a flexible fabric. This product is lightweight and has good thermal insulation properties, along with a high (S/W) strength to weight ratio. Product made from include canoes, car bodies and a limited amount of aeroplane parts. Technological developments with fibreglass will include getting the raw plastic from a plant based source rather than crude oil.

TUNGESTEN This is an element metal, with the main properties of being having the highest melting point of all metals (almost 3500 degrees C) and when it is alloyed with other metals to produce such products as arc welding electrodes and heating elements. Tungsten is used for parts in thermocouples, hard machine tooling, for some wedding rings and as a catalyst. Tungsten also makes up a large part of the Chemical Compound Tungsten Carbide and is known for having extremely strong and abrasive industrial qualities.

TITANIUM This metal is becoming well known for its amazing qualities such as high strength, stiffness, toughness, low density, and corrosion resistance. To the human hand, this material is amazingly light in weight. Titanium is alloyed and used within aircraft parts, due to its tough and lightweight properties. In its plainest form has everyday uses as bicycle frames, jewellery and spectacle frames Technological developments for this look to be with using this for replacement bone joints.

TITANIUM

NICKEL BASED SUPER ALLOYS This metal alloy is best known for its superior corrosion & high temperature resistance (up to 1200 degrees Celsius). The Nickel is usually alloyed with chromium, molybdenum, aluminium, titanium, cobalt & tantalum. A Nickel Based Superalloy is primarily used for advanced turbine engines. Future developments will be breaking down the alloy into Nanoparticles , that is down to atom sized particles. This the experts say should increase the strength even further of this super material

COBALT BASED SUPER ALLOYS These superalloys have an even higher melting point that Nickel Based ones and has good resistance to oxidation and a good hot corrosion resistance. This material is used in the construction of the vanes and combustion chambers of gas turbines. Technological developments are new class of cobalt based superalloys that can rival nickel based superalloys. Superalloys in general are also used in the construction of space vehicles, rocket motors and nuclear reactors.

ADVANCED TURBINE ENGINE

ADVANCED TURBINE ENGINE This short youtube video will introduce you to the basic concept and potential that this type of aircraft engine offers to mankind. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUf9xrn6SeM&app=desktop

BORON CARBIDE This is a very hard ceramic, which ranks third behind diamond & cubic boron nitride and is used in the manufacture of such items as tank armour and bullet proof vests. Its ability to absorb neutrons without forming long lived radio- nuclides make the material attractive as an absorbent for neutron radiation arising in nuclear power plants. Nuclear applications of boron carbide include shielding.

BORON NITRATE Like Boron Carbide, Boron Nitrate is known for its hardness qualities, comparable to that of diamond. It also has high thermal conductivity and high electrical resistance. This ceramic material is used for electronic parts, microcircuit packaging and high temperature furnace fixtures.

ZIRCONIA This product is a ceramic and is best known for its properties of hardness For industrial purposes as a non crystalline ceramic, appears as a white powder and is used for the making of Dental Implants, Knives and as a Refectory material.. In its crystalline form, this product is well known for its uses in jewellery. In the future, it is anticipated that these stones will have an increased usage in jewellery.

TABLE OF MATERIAL HARDNESS There exist tables showing the compared hardness of different materials. Hardness of naturally occurring types: https://www.tedpella.com/company_html/hardness.htm

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMA) The unique property of this material is that if it bent out of shape, it is heated to a certain temperature and will regain its original shape. A type of this material is an alloy mix of Nickel / Titanium & Copper / Aluminium / Nickel. This type of alloy is used to make spectacle frames, within dental braces and car seat parts. Advantages are obvious but the drawbacks are their high cost and their increased metal fatigue. Possible future developments of these materials are high shock applications such as ball bearings and aircraft landing gear.

SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS (SMP) Much like shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers are able to change their shape under a heated effect. They at cold will be in a rigid state, undergoing heating they will become malleable, will return to their original shape and then return to a rigid state, back to their original correct shape. These materials are used in shrink wrap packaging, medical implants and self disassembling mobile phones?? Technological developments to come include orthopaedic surgery items and automobile parts.

ELECTRO CHROMIC MATERIALS Also known as Photochromatic Materials, the pigments with these are used in the manufacture of sunglasses. Exposure to sunlight causes the lens of the glasses to darken to protect the eye Other applications this used within include light adjusting canopy screens on aircraft cockpits, and smart windows on buildings Future developments lie in creating wing mirrors and sun rooves on automobiles with electro chromic properties. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afLGMFUNlfY

THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT This effect is not straight forward and will need a scientist to explain this, in a simple term, I am only a mere engineer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlKDQKb0oPo

PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS A piezoelectric actuator converts an electrical signal into a precisely controlled physical movement. Piezoelectricity simply explained is slight relative shift of positive and negative electric charge in a substance resulting from the application of mechanical stress Piezoelectric actuators are used to finely adjust machining tools, lenses, mirrors, hydraulic valves, act as small-volume pumps or special-purpose motors. Well known applications include intrusion detectors and alarms.

PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCERS These are similar in part to piezoelectric actuators but actually generate an electrical charge when they are squeezed A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. The applications this is used within are strain gauges and mobile phone touch screens (DO NOT POKE THESE HARD, THEY DO NOT NEED IT!!) Technological developments of the future will be improving existing systems so these will be able to sense the minutest of changes on pressure.

References: http://www.christinedemerchant.com/carboncharacteristics.html http://carbonfibers.weebly.com/ http://www.innventia.com/en/Our-Expertise/New-materials/Carbon-fibres/Swedish-lignin- based-carbon-fibre/Potential-future-applications-for-lignin-based-carbon-fibre/ http://www.dupont.co.uk/products-and-services/fabrics-fibers-nonwovens/fibers/articles/kevlar- properties.html http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/kevlar1.html http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/fibre1.html http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/74/tungsten

References: http://www.lookchem.com/Periodic-Table/Titanium/ http://www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/superalloys2000/superalloyshistory.html http://tbe.com/marineaviation/turbine-engine-housings-and-blade-assemblies http://www.thecdi.com/general.php?r=u6enjvrwaa http://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/3477898/ACFAAD4.pdf/35831243-7132- 4243-91a1-705e67b1cf4b http://www.intechopen.com/books/sintering-applications/powder-preparation-properties-and- industrial-applications-of-hexagonal-boron-nitride

References: http://www.intechopen.com/books/sintering-applications/powder-preparation-properties-and- industrial-applications-of-hexagonal-boron-nitride http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Cubic-Zirconia.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/electronics/materialsrev5.shtml https://www.americanpiezo.com/piezo-theory/actuators.html http://www.explainthatstuff.com/piezoelectricity.html http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/piezoelectricity http://www.slideshare.net/iamaproudindian/44-azeem http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/transducer